Peter Toms RA (fl. 1748, died 1 January 1777) was an English portrait and drapery painter, i.e. a painter specialising in depicting drapery for the works of other artists. He was a founding member of the Royal Academy. [1] He was also the Portcullis Pursuivant at the College of Heralds. [2]
Toms was the son of an engraver, William Henry Toms, of Masham Street, Westminster. [2] Apprenticed to the portraitist Thomas Hudson, [3] he was by November 1748 described as an ‘eminent painter’. After the death in 1749 of Joseph van Aken, the leading drapery painter in England, he became a drapery-painter, and worked for Francis Cotes for several years. After Cotes' death, he was employed by Sir Joshua Reynolds, Allan Ramsay, Benjamin West and John Zoffany amongst others. He also practised as a portrait painter, but only a few works by him are known. He never exhibited his work at either the Society of Artists of Great Britain or the Free Society of Artists, the two principal exhibiting societies in London prior to the foundation of the Royal Academy. His absence suggests that he was happy to work for other artists rather than create his own paintings. [4] He was appointed the Portcullis Pursuivant, i.e. a junior officer of arms at the College of Heralds. [2]
According to Edward Edwards:
Among the pictures which he did for Sir Joshua, are some very excellent; and candour must allow, that many of Sir Joshua's best whole-lengths are those, to which Toms painted the draperies: Among these was the picture of Lady Elizabeth Keppel, in the dress she wore as bride-maid to the Queen ; for which he was paid the sum of twelve guineas, a very slender price in proportion to the merit of the piece, but Sir Joshua was not remarkably liberal upon these occasions, of which circumstance Mr. Toms did not neglect to complain. [5]
He is also believed to have made a major contribution to Reynolds' Master Thomas Lister (early 1760s; Bradford, Cartwright Hall). James Northcote called Toms a very good drapery painter but deemed his rather heavy manner not to be in harmony with Reynolds' style. [6]
He was patronised by Hugh, Duke of Northumberland, who following his appointment as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1763 invited Toms to join him in Dublin. Toms attempted unsuccessfully to find employment as a portrait painter in Dublin. [7] After this failure, he returned to London to work almost exclusively until 1770 for Francis Cotes. There is evidence that he also assisted Thomas Gainsborough in the 1770s. Toms was a founding member of the Royal Academy in 1768, allegedly owing more to his relationships with Reynolds, Cotes and West than to his own reputation. [4] He exhibited three works at the academy: "An allegorical picture". in 1769, "A portrait; half length" in 1779 and "The burdock and other wild plants; a specimen of a work to be published" in 1771. [8]
Despite his success as a drapery painter, his heavy drinking and a lack of prudence in other respects, kept him poor, and prevented his advancement in the College of Heralds. He made a suicide attempt by cutting his own throat. He survived for several years, dying in poverty at his lodging in Rathbone Place in London, on 1 January 1777. [2] He was buried in the cemetery of St. Giles-in-the-Fields. [2]
He married Mary, daughter of Robert Hogg, of Kincardine. She died about three years before him, and was buried at Marylebone, the parish in which he lived many years. [2]
Sir Joshua Reynolds was an English painter who specialised in portraits. Art critic John Russell called him one of the major European painters of the 18th century. He promoted the "Grand Style" in painting, which depended on idealisation of the imperfect. He was a founder and first president of the Royal Academy of Arts and was knighted by George III in 1769.
Thomas Gainsborough was an English portrait and landscape painter, draughtsman, and printmaker. Along with his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds, he is considered one of the most important British artists of the second half of the 18th century. He painted quickly, and the works of his maturity are characterised by a light palette and easy strokes. Despite being a prolific portrait painter, Gainsborough gained greater satisfaction from his landscapes. He is credited as the originator of the 18th-century British landscape school. Gainsborough was a founding member of the Royal Academy.
James Northcote was a British painter. He became a member of the Royal Academy in 1787, and a member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands in 1809.
Benjamin West was a British-American artist who painted famous historical scenes such as The Death of Nelson, The Death of General Wolfe, the Treaty of Paris, and Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky.
John Russell was an English painter renowned for his portrait work in oils and pastels, and as a writer and teacher of painting techniques.
Francis Cotes was an English portrait painter, one of the pioneers of English pastel painting, and a founding member of the Royal Academy in 1768.
Jonathan Shipley was a clergyman who held offices in the Church of England, who became Bishop of Llandaff from January to September 1769 and Bishop of St Asaph from September 1769 until his death.
Thomas Hudson (1701–1779) was an English painter, almost exclusively of portraits.
Joseph Collyer, also called Joseph Collyer the Younger, was a British engraver. He was an associate of the Royal Academy and portrait engraver to the British Queen Consort, Queen Charlotte.
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Samuel William Reynolds was a mezzotint engraver, landscape painter and landscape gardener. Reynolds was a popular engraver in both Britain and France and there are over 400 examples of his work in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
William Parry was a Welsh artist. Primarily a portrait painter, he attracted extensive patronage in Wales due to his connections with Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 4th Baronet.
Catherine Read was a Scottish artist. Born in the early 18th century, she is most known for her work as a portrait-painter. She was for some years a fashionable artist in London, working in oils, crayons, and miniature. From 1760 she exhibited almost annually with either the Incorporated Society of Artists, the Free Society of Artist, or the Royal Academy, sending chiefly portraits of ladies and children of the aristocracy, which she painted with much grace and refinement.
Peter (Pierre-Etienne) Falconet (1741–1791) was a French portrait painter.
(John) Thomas Gaugain (1756–1831) was a successful British stipple-engraver.
William Bell was an English painter who specialised in portraits. A prize-winning student at the Royal Academy of Arts, influenced by Sir Joshua Reynolds, he achieved eminence in his native area, the North East of England. His best-known works are portraits of Sir John Delaval and his family, which are in the collection of the National Trust at Seaton Delaval Hall, Northumberland. Bell's portrait of Robert Harrison, 1715–1802, is in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London.
Giuseppe Filippo Liberati Marchi was an Italian-English painter and engraver.
The Academicians of the Royal Academy is an oil painting executed in 1771–72 by Johan Zoffany. The group portrait was produced shortly after the foundation of the Royal Academy of Arts in London in 1769. It portrays 34 of the early members of the Royal Academy preparing for a life drawing class with a nude male life model. The two female founding academicians – Angelica Kauffmann and Mary Moser – are not shown as present, as it would have been inappropriate for them to attend a life drawing class in person: rather, Zoffany includes them by showing their portraits hanging on the walls.
A drapery painter refers to a specialist painter commissioned to complete the dress, costumes and other accessories worn by the subjects of portrait paintings. They were employed by portrait painters with a large workshop in 18th century England. While the portraitist completed the face and hands, the drapery painter was responsible for the pose and costume. The specialists were not necessarily assistants in the workshop of the portrait painters but rather subcontractors.
Memoirs of Sir Joshua Reynolds is an 1813 biography written by the British artist James Northcote about his fellow painter and the first President of the Royal Academy Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792). It was published by Henry Colburn. Its release coincided with a major exhibition of the artist's work at the British Institution in Pall Mall. An earlier biography of Reynolds had been written by Edmund Malone in 1797. In 1819 Northcote brought out an extended two volume version, featuring further anecdotes about Reynolds.
Media related to Peter Toms at Wikimedia Commons
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