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Phasael [1] or Pasiel [2] (born in 5/4 BCE), [1] in Greek sources Phasaelis, [3]
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was a princess of Nabatea, daughter of King Aretas IV Philopatris [1] [3] and the first wife of Herod Antipas, [3] ruler of Galilee and Perea.
Phasaelis was born to the king of the Nabataeans, Aretas IV Philopatris. [3] The sequence in which the king's offspring is listed on an inscription found at the Obodas Chapel of Wadi Nmeir in Petra indicates that Phasaelis was the couple's fourth child, but the eldest of their daughters. [2] Her siblings included Maliku (Malichus II), Obodat, Rabbel, Su'udat and Hagiru. [2]
Coins have been found with the profile of her father Aretas IV on the obverse, and Phasaelis' name on the reverse, [4] which could indicate her birth to be 3-5 BC.
Going by the tentative dating of the coins inscribed with her name, her marriage to Herod Antipas took place in 7 or 6 AD, when Phasaelis would have been around 11–12 years old. [4] [5] There is a high likelihood that the marriage was arranged by Augustus, [6] who often married the vassals of the Roman Empire together in order to keep the peace between their kingdoms.
This had been the case of Herod Antipas' paternal aunt, Salome I. [7] The marriage of Phasaelis and Antipas thus ensured there would be no attacks of the eastern border tetrarchy of Perea by the Nabataeans.
Phasaelis and Herod Antipas were married for over 20 years, but there were no recorded children of this marriage. During this time, Herod Antipas did not take any other wives. Some researchers have theorized that Phasaelis and Herod Antipas had a daughter named Herodias Salome, [5] [8] as an attempt to reconcile some dating inconsistencies and explain why Salome, Herod Antipas' stepdaughter, is sometimes referred to as his daughter.
In 23 AD, Herod Antipas was visiting his half-brother Herod II, who was then living in Rome as a private citizen. During his stay, he became enamored with his brother’s wife Herodias. Herodias subsequently divorced Herod II under the Roman law.
The exact marriage date of Herod Antipas and Herodias is unknown, but in 26 AD Phasaelis found out about the relationship and discovered Herod Antipas' intention to divorce her.
The texts use the terms divorce and repudiation interchangeably, but according to the Talmudic law, a husband could repudiate his wife freely, but a wife could only ask for a divorce, and it was up to the husband to allow it. [9] However, the extent to which the Herodian dynasty actually practiced Judaism is unclear, and it is known that they were heavily influenced by Roman law and culture; thus, Herod Antipas might have been planning to divorce Phasaelis according to just the Roman law.
Desiring to return to her homeland, Phasaelis used the pretext of visiting the palace of Machaerus situated by the Dead Sea. [10] [11] Phasaelis then fled across the border to her father, whom she told of her husband's intention to divorce her and marry Herodias. [12] This caused relations between Aretas and Herod Antipas to sour. Aretas IV subsequently invaded Galilee and Perea, and his armies defeated his former son-in-law in battle in 36 AD.
After this date, there is no mention of Phasaelis, and the rest of her life remains unknown.
Elbridge Streeter Brooks wrote a historical romance A Son of Issachar: A Romance of the Days of Messias (1890) where Herod's repudiated wife appears as a character named "Princess Amina".
Phasaelis appears a supporting character in The Book of Longings by Sue Monk Kidd (2020).
In the movie "The Big Fisherman" (1959) which is based on a 1949 book by the same name by Lloyd C. Douglas; the female protagonist is the daughter of "Princess Arnon" (played by Marian Seldes) and Herod Antipas. The daughter vows revenge on her father for his behavior towards her mother.
Phaselis appears briefly as a non-speaking character in the TV film Mary Magdalene (2000), [13] played by an uncredited actress.
Herod Agrippa, also known as Agrippa I or Agrippa the Great, was the last king of Judea. He was a grandson of Herod the Great and the father of Herod Agrippa II, the last known king from the Herodian dynasty. He was an acquaintance or friend of Roman emperors and played crucial roles in internal Roman politics.
Salome, also known as Salome III, was a Jewish princess, the daughter of Herod II and princess Herodias. She was granddaughter of Herod the Great and stepdaughter of Herod Antipas. She is known from the New Testament, where she is not named, and from an account by Josephus. In the New Testament, the stepdaughter of Herod Antipas demands and receives the head of John the Baptist. According to Josephus, she was first married to her uncle Philip the Tetrarch, after whose death in AD 34 she married her cousin Aristobulus of Chalcis, thus becoming queen of Armenia Minor.
Herodias was a princess of the Herodian dynasty of Judaea during the time of the Roman Empire. Christian writings connect her with the execution of John the Baptist.
Herod Antipas was a 1st-century ruler of Galilee and Perea. He bore the title of tetrarch and is referred to as both "Herod the Tetrarch" and "King Herod" in the New Testament. He was a son of Herod the Great and a grandson of Antipater the Idumaean. He is widely known today for accounts in the New Testament of his role in events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth. His father, Herod the Great, was described in the account as ordering the Massacre of the Innocents, marking the earliest Biblical account of the concerns of the government in Jerusalem regarding Jesus' existence.
Antipater I the Idumaean was the founder of the Herodian dynasty and father of Herod the Great. According to Josephus, he was the son of Antipas and had formerly held that name. A native of Idumaea Antipater became a powerful official under the later Hasmonean kings and subsequently became a client of Roman General Pompey when Pompey conquered Judah in the name of the Roman Republic.
Aretas IV Philopatris was the King of the Nabataeans from roughly 9 BC to 40 AD.
The beheading of John the Baptist, also known as the decollation of Saint John the Baptist or the beheading of the Forerunner, is a biblical event commemorated as a holy day by various Christian churches. According to the New Testament, Herod Antipas, ruler of Galilee under the Roman Empire, had imprisoned John the Baptist because he had publicly reproved Herod for divorcing his first wife and unlawfully taking his sister-in-law as his second wife Herodias. He then ordered him to be killed by beheading.
Aristobulus V of Chalcis was a son of Herod of Chalcis and his first wife Mariamne. Herod of Chalcis, ruler of Chalcis in Iturea, was a grandson of Herod the Great through his father, Aristobulus IV. Mariamne was a granddaughter of Herod the Great through her mother, Olympias; hence Aristobulus was a great-grandson of Herod the Great on both sides of his family.
Glaphyra was an Anatolian princess from Cappadocia, and a Queen of Mauretania by her second marriage to King Juba II of Mauretania. She was related to the Herodian dynasty by her first and third marriage, to Alexander, son of Herod and Herod Archelaus respectively.
The Herodian dynasty was a royal dynasty of Idumaean (Edomite) descent, ruling the Herodian Kingdom of Judea and later the Herodian tetrarchy as a vassal state of the Roman Empire. The Herodian dynasty began with Herod the Great who assumed the throne of Judea, with Roman support, bringing down the century-old Hasmonean Kingdom. His kingdom lasted until his death in 4 BCE, when it was divided among his sons and daughter as a tetrarchy, which lasted for about 10 years. Most of those tetrarchies, including Judea proper, were incorporated into Judaea Province from 6 CE, though limited Herodian de facto kingship continued until Agrippa I's death in 44 CE and nominal title of kingship continued until c. 92 or 100 CE, when the last Herodian monarch, king Agrippa II, died and Rome assumed full power over his de jure domain.
Salome I was the sister of Herod the Great and the mother of Berenice by her husband Costobarus, governor of Idumea. She was a nominal queen regnant of the toparchy of Iamnia, Azotus, Phasaelis from 4 BCE.
Antipater II was Herod the Great's first-born son, his only child by his first wife Doris. He was named after his paternal grandfather Antipater the Idumaean. He and his mother were exiled after Herod divorced her between 43 BC and 40 BC to marry Mariamne I. However, he was recalled following Mariamne's fall in 29 BC and in 13 BC Herod made him his first heir in his will. He retained this position even when Alexander and Aristobulus rose in the royal succession in 12 BC, and even became exclusive successor to the throne after their execution in 7 BC.
The Herodian tetrarchy was a regional division of a client state of Rome, formed following the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE. The latter's client kingdom was divided between his sister Salome I and his sons Herod Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip. Upon the deposition of Herod Archelaus in 6 CE, his territories were transformed into a Roman province. With the death of Salome I in 10 CE, her domain was also incorporated into a province.
Herod II was the son of Herod the Great and Mariamne II, the daughter of Simon Boethus the High Priest, and the first husband of Herodias, daughter of Aristobulus IV and his wife Berenice. For a brief period he was his father's heir apparent, but Herod I removed him from succession in his will. Some writers call him Herod Philip I, as the Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Mark state that Herodias was married to a "Philip". Because he was the grandson of Simon Boethus, he is sometimes also called Herod Boethus, but there is no evidence he was actually thus called during his lifetime.
Philip the Tetrarch, sometimes called Herod Philip II by modern writers was the son of Herod the Great and his fifth wife, Cleopatra of Jerusalem. As a Tetrarch, he ruled over the northeast part of his father's kingdom between 4 BCE and 34 CE after Herod's death. He was a half-brother of Herod Antipas and Herod Archelaus. He is not the same person as Herod II, whom some writers call Herod Philip I.
Costobarus was an associate of Herod the Great and second husband of Herod's sister Salome I. He was also known as Costobar.
The Herodian kingdom was a client state of the Roman Republic ruled from 37 to 4 BCE by Herod the Great, who was appointed "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate. When Herod died, the kingdom was divided among his sons into the Herodian Tetrarchy.
Chuldu, Huldu, or Khuld, was a Queen of the Nabataeans, spouse and co-ruler of Aretas IV in 9 BC–AD 16.
Cypros (1st-century) was a queen consort of Judea. She was married to king Herod Agrippa.
Phasael or Phasa'el is an ancient Semitic, probably mainly Nabataean, gender-neutral name, i.e. used for both men and women.
... the Nabataean Pṣʾl, to which may correspond the Greek Φασάηλος, must reflect an Aramaised spelling with a realisation of the III-y verb with a final -ā, thus, Faṣā-ʾel.
We know that his daughter Phasaelis married the tetrarch Herod Antipas. (p. 84) Aretas IV was not only married to Queen Shaqilath/Shuquaylat, ... but he was also the husband of Huldu, one of the daughters of Obodas. (p. 88)