Phebe Gibbes

Last updated

Phebe Gibbes (died 1805) was an 18th-century English novelist and early feminist. She authored twenty-two books between 1764 and 1790, and is best known for the novels The History of Mr. Francis Clive (1764), The Fruitless Repentance; or, the History of Miss Kitty Le Fever (1769), and The History of Miss Eliza Musgrove (1769). She received recent attention with the scholarly publication of Hartly House Calcutta (1789) in 2007. [1]

Contents

Biography

Phebe Gibbes possesses one of the most elusive histories of the 18th-century women writers. Almost all of the information on Gibbes' life is derived from an application to the Royal Literary Fund for financial support in 1804. [2] As noted in her application, Gibbes, a widow for most of her life, married early and mothered two daughters and one son. One can conjecture that she spent part of her life in British India, as some of her novels, particularly Hartly House, avow a markedly accurate knowledge of Indian lifestyle as perceived through contemporary records. It is also known that Gibbes' son never returned from a military mission in India, [3] a fact that is manifest in her later writing; she writes in the first lines of Hartly House, “the Eastern world is, as you pronounce it, the grave of thousands”. [4]

The financial mismanagement of Gibbes’ father-in-law, a compulsive gambler, [5] was the eventual cause of her extreme poverty; parental neglect and a strong aversion to gambling are manifest in many of Gibbes' novels.

Career

Author

Gibbes first entered the world of English literature with a double-debut in 1764: the controversial The Life and Adventures of Mr. Francis Clive (1764) and the epistolary novel, History of Lady Louisa Stroud, and the Honorable Miss Caroline Stretton (1764). Three years after her debut, Gibbes published two novels, The Woman of Fashion; or, the History of Lady Diana Dormer (1767) and The History of Miss Pittsborough (1767), a novel especially lauded by the Critical Review as "chaste" and "virtuous". [6] Two years later, Gibbes published The History of Miss Somerville (1769); The Fruitless Repentance; or, the History of Miss Kitty Le Fever (1769), and The History of Miss Eliza Musgrove (1769). The Critical Review wrote positively of Miss Eliza Musgrove, citing Gibbes' novel as "equal in genius to Lennox, Brookes, and Scott." [7] Gibbes continued to produce novels until Hartly House, Calcutta in 1789; she may have created works into the 1790s, but if so they are unverified or also attributed to other writers.

Gibbes claims, in her 1804 application to the Royal Literary Fund, some 22 titles; but only 14 of Gibbes' novels (or potential novels) are actually traceable. Like many writers of her time, [8] she wrote anonymously, with the exception of The Niece; or the History of Sukey Thornby (1788), which she signed "Mrs. P. Gibbes". [9]

Gibbes’ writing provides descriptive accounts of her visits to India and the American continent. She names the precise titles of the servants and the exact prices of items. Her work therefore provides a resource for Indologists.

Gibbes in her later life earned her living by writing. She appears to cherish the epicurean lifestyles of the contemporary upper-class, while also critiquing the gross materialism of her era. She often describes a lush material culture, and at the same time causes her protagonist to reject that culture.

Social protests

Several contemporary issues surface multiple times in Gibbes' writing: child neglect, lack of female education, acquisitiveness, gambling, and personal vanity. Many of her heroines, particularly Sophia 'Goldborne' – a somewhat onomastic name – are stark contrasts to the materialistic, indulgent culture of the time, as discussed above; and yet at the same time, appear to relish female materialism. One can see in this scene in which Gibbes creates a vivid picture of extravagance, this slightly awe-filled distaste at both the foolishness and the power involved in materialism,

"The Europe shops, as you will naturally conclude, are those ware-houses where all the British finery imported is displayed and purchased; and such is the spirit of many ladies upon visiting them, that there have been :instances of their spending 30 or 40,000 rupees [about 5000 pounds] [10] in one morning, for the decoration of their persons; on which account many husbands are observed to turn pale as ashes, on the bare mention of their wives :being seen to enter them: but controul is not a matrimonial rule at Calcutta; and the men are obliged to make the best of their conjugal mortifications.” [11]

One can conclude that these scenes serve to express her distaste for the ‘materialistic’ nature of some English women; and yet, Gibbes finds a power in this ability for women to ‘control’ their spouses or fathers through expenditure.

Gibbes is especially known for her protests against the lack of early education for girls. Gibbes was particularly inspired by the comparatively free lifestyle for women in America, and in fact was sometimes construed as a Republican. [12] In Her Friendship in a Nunnery; or, The American Fugitive, the narrator, a fourteen-year-old American girl, is so well-spoken and eloquent that the Critical Review reviled the novel, writing, "what may not be expected from the old men and sages of [America], when its maidens, its babes and sucklings talk, write, and reason thus!" [13] William Enfield, a well-regarded Unitarian minister and writer, however, applauded her novel as having,

"so much truth… that it merits attention in an age, in which it is become too fashionable for females to receive the last finishing of their education in a convent." [14]

One must also note as particularly feministic, the accidentally bigamous marriage of Elfrida, in the eponymous novel Elfrida, and the incredible death of Hannah, the household servant in Mr. Francis Clive, who suffers a painful and protracted demise after imbibing a faulty abortifacient (abortion-inducing poultice) from an apothecary when she becomes pregnant with Clive's child. [15] These kinds of outrageous, yet plausible, situations left Gibbes’ novels as somewhat polemic in the time period; and, clearly, it is hardly precocious to call her an early feminist.

The social protestation of these types of double standards for males and females amazingly pre-dates those reactionary works of the later feminist writers, such as Mary Hays and Mary Wollstonecraft, by nearly forty years. It is unquestionable that the later feminists of the late 18th and early 19th century, particularly Wollstonecraft who reviewed Gibbes' work with delight, were inspired in part by this prodigal 18th century author.

Selected works

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anna Seward</span> English Romantic poet, 1742–1809

Anna Seward was an English Romantic poet, often called the Swan of Lichfield. She benefited from her father's progressive views on female education.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lady Mary Wortley Montagu</span> English writer and poet (1689–1762)

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was an English aristocrat, writer, and poet. Born in 1689, Lady Mary spent her early life in England. In 1712, Lady Mary married Edward Wortley Montagu, who later served as the British ambassador to the Sublime Porte. Lady Mary joined her husband on the Ottoman excursion, where she was to spend the next two years of her life. During her time there, Lady Mary wrote extensively on her experience as a woman in Ottoman Constantinople. After her return to England, Lady Mary devoted her attention to the upbringing of her family before dying of cancer in 1762.

Sarah Fielding was an English author and sister of the novelist Henry Fielding. She wrote The Governess, or The Little Female Academy (1749), thought to be the first novel in English aimed expressly at children. Earlier she had success with her novel The Adventures of David Simple (1744).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sophia Lee</span> English novelist, dramatist and educator (1750–1824)

Sophia Lee was an English novelist, dramatist and educator. She was a formative writer of Gothic fiction.

The academic discipline of women's writing is a discrete area of literary studies which is based on the notion that the experience of women, historically, has been shaped by their sex, and so women writers by definition are a group worthy of separate study: "Their texts emerge from and intervene in conditions usually very different from those which produced most writing by men." It is not a question of the subject matter or political stance of a particular author, but of her sex, i.e. her position as a woman within the literary world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eliza Fenwick</span> English author and childrens writer (1797–1840)

Eliza Fenwick was an English author, whose works include Secresy; or The Ruin on the Rock (1795) and several children's books. She was born in Cornwall, married an alcoholic, and had two children by him. She left him and eventually went to live with her children in Barbados, where she ran a school with her daughter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Feminist literature</span> Literary genre supporting feminist goals

Feminist literature is fiction, nonfiction, drama, or poetry, which supports the feminist goals of defining, establishing, and defending equal civil, political, economic, and social rights for women. It often identifies women's roles as unequal to those of men – particularly as regarding status, privilege, and power – and generally portrays the consequences to women, men, families, communities, and societies as undesirable.

Alta Gerrey is a British-American poet, prose writer, and publisher, best known as the founder of the feminist press Shameless Hussy Press and editor of the Shameless Hussy Review. Her 1980 collection The Shameless Hussy won the American Book Award in 1981. She is featured in the feminist history film She's Beautiful When She's Angry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emma Parker</span> Welsh novelist

Emma Parker was an Anglo-Welsh novelist of whom very little is known, although her work was generally well-reviewed during her lifetime. Her epistolary novel Self-Deception explores the cultural and religious differences between the English and the French.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catherine Cuthbertson</span> English novelist

Catherine Cuthbertson was an English-language novelist published in London in the early 19th century. She may also have written an unpublished 1803 play under the name "Miss Cuthbertson".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charlotte O'Conor Eccles</span> Irish writer, 1863–1911

Charlotte O'Conor Eccles (1863–1911) was an Irish writer, translator and journalist, who spent her working life in London. Aliens of the West (1904) was said to be among "the best modern books of short stories on Ireland yet written."

Mary Darwall, who sometimes wrote as Harriett Airey, was an English poet and playwright. She belonged to the Shenstone Circle of writers gathered round William Shenstone in the English Midlands. She later explored subjects that included the nature of female friendship and the place of women writers.

Maria and Harriet Falconar were English or Scottish sisters who published joint collections of poems while in their teens in the late 1780s. They then disappeared from the historical record and little is known of their origins or later lives.

E. M. Foster was a Romantic-era woman novelist. Some 14 popular novels of hers appeared in London between 1795 and 1810.

Sarah Chapone, born Sarah Kirkham and often referred to as Mrs Chapone, was an English legal theorist, pamphleteer, and prolific letter writer. She is best known for the treatise The Hardships of the English Laws in Relation to Wives, published anonymously in 1735.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Margaret Minifie</span> British writer (1734–1803)

Margaret Minifie was a "a minor eighteenth-century sentimental novelist" whose career has tended to have been overshadowed by that of her sister, Susannah Gunning. A number of Minifie's works have historically been attributed to Gunning but recently, critics have sought to disentangle their two histories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth Teft</span>

Elizabeth Teft was the author of a miscellany of occasional, topical, and political poetry. Although little is known of her life, her work has garnered scholarly interest.

<i>Mothers of the Novel: 100 Good Women Writers Before Jane Austen</i> 1986 feminist literary study

Mothers of the Novel: 100 Good Women Writers Before Jane Austen (1986), by Dale Spender, is a foundational study for the reclamation project central to feminist literary studies in English in the late 1980s and 1990s.

Anne B. Poyntz was an eighteenth-century English writer, thought to have been born between 1701 and 1750. She is author of Je ne sçai quoi: or, A collection of letters, odes, &c., Never before published. By a Lady [Anne B. Poyntz], published in 1769.

References

  1. ↑ Although Gibbes is little-published in recent years, access to at least ten of her novels' original publications is available on "Eighteenth Century Collections Online."
  2. ↑ BL MSS: Royal Literary Fund 2: p. 74, letter of 14 October 1804. See The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to Present, Virginia Blain, Patricia Clements, and Isobel Grundy, eds. (London: Batsford, 1990), p. 420.
  3. ↑ Jonathan Warner Gibbs, Lieutenant in the Bengal Infantry, died 3 February 1785; V.C.P. Hodson, List of the Officers of the Bengal Army, 1754–1834, 4 Vols (London: Constable, 1927), 2: p. 263.
  4. ↑ “Letter I,” Hartly House, Calcutta (1689). Michael J. Franklin, ed. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  5. ↑ From Gibbes’ petitions to the Royal Literary Fund (see above).
  6. ↑ Critical Review, 25 (1767), pp. 132–5, p. 135.
  7. ↑ Charlotte Lennox, Frances Brooke, and Sarah Scott were beloved female writers of the time. Critical Review, 27 (1769), pp. 452–9, p. 452.
  8. ↑ See: The English Novel, 1770–1829: a Bibliographical Survey of Prose Fiction Published in the British Isles, 2 Vols. Peter Garside, James Raven, and Rainer Schowerling, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  9. ↑ From Michael J. Franklin's introduction to Hartly House, Calcutta. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  10. ↑ One pound amounted to around eight rupees.
  11. ↑ From a description of the beisars’ district, or marketplace, “Letter VII,” Hartly House, Calcutta. J. Franklin, ed. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  12. ↑ See in particular Critical Review, 46 (October 1778), 1: pp. 15–18., which cites Gibbes as a 'Republican' on account of her zest for American freedom.
  13. ↑ Critical Review, 46 (October 1778), 1: pp. 15–18.
  14. ↑ Monthly Review, 60 (April 1779), p. 324.
  15. ↑ Noted especially by Isobel Grundy in "(Re)discovering women's texts," in Women and Literature in Britain, 1700–1800, Vivien Jones, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 179–96; pp. 190–91.
  16. ↑ Formats and Editions of Hartly House, Calcutta : a novel of the days of Warren Hastings [WorldCat.org]. OCLC   16523068 . Retrieved 2 February 2018– via www.worldcat.org.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.