Heteropodatoxins are peptide toxins from the venom of the giant crab spider Heteropoda venatoria, which block Kv4.2 voltage-gated potassium channels.
Stromatoxin is a spider toxin that blocks certain delayed-rectifier and A-type voltage-gated potassium channels.
Hongotoxin (HgTX) is an ion channel toxin, which blocks Shaker-type (Kv1) K+ channels. The toxin is derived from the venom of Centruroides limbatus, a Central American scorpion found meanly in Costa Rica, Honduras and Panama.
Mast cell degranulating (MCD) peptide is a cationic 22-amino acid residue peptide, which is a component of the venom of the bumblebee. At low concentrations, MCD peptide can stimulate mast cell degranulation. At higher concentrations, it has anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, it is a potent blocker of voltage-sensitive potassium channels.
Phaiodotoxin (PhTx1) is a toxin from the venom of Anuroctonus phaiodactylus, also known as the Mafia scorpion. It affects voltage-gated sodium ion channels leading to an increased duration of its opening.
Jingzhaotoxin proteins are part of a venom secreted by Chilobrachys jingzhao, the Chinese tarantula. and act as neurotoxins. There are several subtypes of jingzhaotoxin, which differ in terms of channel selectivity and modification characteristics. All subspecies act as gating modifiers of sodium channels and/or, to a lesser extent, potassium channels.
Heteroscodratoxin-1 is a neurotoxin produced by the venom glands of Heteroscodra maculata that shifts the activation threshold of voltage-gated potassium channels and the inactivation of Nav1.1 sodium channels to more positive potentials.
Guangxitoxin, also known as GxTX, is a peptide toxin found in the venom of the tarantula Plesiophrictus guangxiensis. It primarily inhibits outward voltage-gated Kv2.1 potassium channel currents, which are prominently expressed in pancreatic β-cells, thus increasing insulin secretion.
Hanatoxin is a toxin found in the venom of the Grammostola spatulata tarantula. The toxin is mostly known for inhibiting the activation of voltage-gated potassium channels, most specifically Kv4.2 and Kv2.1, by raising its activation threshold.
Theraphosa leblondi toxin (TLTx) is a toxin occurring in three different forms (subtypes) that are purified and sequenced from the venom of the giant tarantula Theraphosa blondi. This toxin selectively inhibits Kv4.2 voltage-gated potassium channels by acting as a gating modifier.
Pi3 toxin is a purified peptide derivative of the Pandinus imperator scorpion venom. It is a potent blocker of voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.3 and is closely related to another peptide found in the venom, Pi2.
Kaliseptine (AsKS) is a neurotoxin which can be found in the snakelocks anemone Anemonia viridis. It belongs to a class of sea anemone neurotoxins that inhibits voltage-gated potassium channels.
Blood-depressing substance-1 (BDS-1), also known as kappa-actitoxin-Avd4a, is a polypeptide found in the venom of the snakelocks anemone Anemonia sulcata. BDS-1 is a neurotoxin that modulates voltage-dependent potassium channels, in particular Kv3-family channels, as well as certain sodium channels. This polypeptide belongs to the sea anemone type 3 toxin peptide family.
HsTx1 is a toxin from the venom of the scorpion Heterometrus spinifer. HsTx1 is a very potent inhibitor of the rat Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channel.
LmαTX3 is an α-scorpion toxin from Lychas mucronatus. that inhibits fast inactivation of voltage gated sodium-channels (VGSCs).
APETx1 is a peptide toxin from the venom of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. The toxin acts as a gating modifier on the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel, a type of voltage-gated potassium channel, and as a blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels, including Nav1.2 and Nav1.8.
Beta-mammal toxin Cn2, also known as Cn2 toxin, is a single chain β-scorpion neurotoxic peptide and the primary toxin in the venom of the Centruroides noxius Hoffmann scorpion. The toxin specifically targets mammalian Nav1.6 voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC).
BmP02, also known as α-KTx 9.1 or Bmkk(6), is a toxin from the Buthus Martensi Karsch (BmK) scorpion. The toxin acts on potassium channels, blocking Kv1.3 and slowing the deactivation of Kv4.2. BmP02 is not toxic to humans or mice.
OdK2 is a toxin found in the venom of the Iranian scorpion Odonthobuthus doriae. It belongs to the α-KTx family, and selectively blocks the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 (KCNA3).
LmαTX5 is an α-scorpion toxin which inhibits the fast inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. It has been identified through transcriptome analysis of the venom gland of Lychas mucronatus, also known as the Chinese swimming scorpion – a scorpion species which is widely distributed in Southeast Asia.
