Heteropodatoxins are peptide toxins from the venom of the giant crab spider Heteropoda venatoria, which block Kv4.2 voltage-gated potassium channels.
Stromatoxin is a spider toxin that blocks certain delayed-rectifier and A-type voltage-gated potassium channels.
BmTx3 is a neurotoxin, which is a component of the venom of the scorpion Buthus Martensi Karsch. It blocks A-type potassium channels in the central nervous system and hERG-channels in the heart.
Psalmotoxin (PcTx1) is a spider toxin from the venom of the Trinidad tarantula Psalmopoeus cambridgei. It selectively blocks Acid Sensing Ion Channel 1-a (ASIC1a), which is a proton-gated sodium channel.
Phaiodotoxin (PhTx1) is a toxin from the venom of Anuroctonus phaiodactylus, also known as the Mafia scorpion. It affects voltage-gated sodium ion channels leading to an increased duration of its opening.
Jingzhaotoxin proteins are part of a venom secreted by Chilobrachys jingzhao, the Chinese tarantula. and act as neurotoxins. There are several subtypes of jingzhaotoxin, which differ in terms of channel selectivity and modification characteristics. All subspecies act as gating modifiers of sodium channels and/or, to a lesser extent, potassium channels.
Heteroscodratoxin-1 is a neurotoxin produced by the venom glands of Heteroscodra maculata that shifts the activation threshold of voltage-gated potassium channels and the inactivation of Nav1.1 sodium channels to more positive potentials.
Guangxitoxin, also known as GxTX, is a peptide toxin found in the venom of the tarantula Plesiophrictus guangxiensis. It primarily inhibits outward voltage-gated Kv2.1 potassium channel currents, which are prominently expressed in pancreatic β-cells, thus increasing insulin secretion.
Hanatoxin is a toxin found in the venom of the Grammostola spatulata tarantula. The toxin is mostly known for inhibiting the activation of voltage-gated potassium channels, most specifically Kv4.2 and Kv2.1, by raising its activation threshold.
Theraphosa leblondi toxin (TLTx) is a toxin occurring in three different forms (subtypes) that are purified and sequenced from the venom of the giant tarantula Theraphosa blondi. This toxin selectively inhibits Kv4.2 voltage-gated potassium channels by acting as a gating modifier.
Blood-depressing substance-1 (BDS-1), also known as kappa-actitoxin-Avd4a, is a polypeptide found in the venom of the snakelocks anemone Anemonia sulcata. BDS-1 is a neurotoxin that modulates voltage-dependent potassium channels, in particular Kv3-family channels, as well as certain sodium channels. This polypeptide belongs to the sea anemone type 3 toxin peptide family.
HsTx1 is a toxin from the venom of the scorpion Heterometrus spinifer. HsTx1 is a very potent inhibitor of the rat Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channel.
LmαTX3 is an α-scorpion toxin from Lychas mucronatus. that inhibits fast inactivation of voltage gated sodium-channels (VGSCs).
GTx1-15 is a toxin from the Chilean tarantula venom that acts as both a voltage-gated calcium channel blocker and a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker.
AaTX1 is a scorpion toxin of the α-KTx15 subfamily originally found in the venom of Androctonus australis. The toxin acts as a specific blocker on Kv4.3 voltage-gated potassium channel, thereby abolishing the A-type potassium currents.
APETx1 is a peptide toxin from the venom of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. The toxin acts as a gating modifier on the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel, a type of voltage-gated potassium channel, and as a blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels, including Nav1.2 and Nav1.8.
LmαTX5 is an α-scorpion toxin which inhibits the fast inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. It has been identified through transcriptome analysis of the venom gland of Lychas mucronatus, also known as the Chinese swimming scorpion – a scorpion species which is widely distributed in Southeast Asia.
μ-THTX-Cl6a, also known as Cl6a, is a 33-residue peptide toxin extracted from the venom of the spider Cyriopagopus longipes. The toxin acts as an inhibitor of the tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV1.7), thereby causing sustained reduction of NaV1.7 currents.
GiTx1 (β/κ-theraphotoxin-Gi1a) is a peptide toxin present in the venom of Grammostola iheringi. It reduces both inward and outward currents by blocking voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, respectively.
Phlotoxin is a neurotoxin from the venom of the tarantula Phlogiellus that targets mostly voltage-sensitive sodium channels and mainly Nav1.7. The only non-sodium voltage-sensitive channel that is inhibited by Phlotoxin is Kv3.4. Nav1.4 and Nav1.6 seem to be Phlotoxin-1-sensitive to some extent as well.
