Pillow Creek

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Pillow Creek is a creek in east-central British Columbia, Canada, located in the northeast corner of Wells Gray Provincial Park.

Stream A body of surface water flowing down a channel

A stream is a body of water with surface water flowing within the bed and banks of a channel. The stream encompasses surface and groundwater fluxes that respond to geological, geomorphological, hydrological and biotic controls.

British Columbia Province of Canada

British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. With an estimated population of 5.016 million as of 2018, it is Canada's third-most populous province.

Canada Country in North America

Canada is a country in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres, making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Canada's southern border with the United States, stretching some 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), is the world's longest bi-national land border. Its capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. As a whole, Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land area being dominated by forest and tundra. Consequently, its population is highly urbanized, with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, with 70% of citizens residing within 100 kilometres (62 mi) of the southern border. Canada's climate varies widely across its vast area, ranging from arctic weather in the north, to hot summers in the southern regions, with four distinct seasons.

Pillow Creek is home to a subglacial volcano that formed and last erupted during the Pleistocene period. [1]

Subglacial volcano volcanic form

A subglacial volcano, also known as a glaciovolcano, is a volcanic form produced by subglacial eruptions or eruptions beneath the surface of a glacier or ice sheet which is then melted into a lake by the rising lava. Today they are most common in Iceland and Antarctica; older formations of this type are found also in British Columbia and Yukon Territory, Canada.

The Pleistocene is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world's most recent period of repeated glaciations. The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology.

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Tuya Butte is a tuya in the Tuya Range of north-central British Columbia, Canada. It is a bit less isolated from other ranges than neighbouring Mount Josephine. Some of the other volcanoes in the area include South Tuya, Ash Mountain, and Mathews Tuya.

Ash Mountain (British Columbia) mountain in Canada

Ash Mountain is the highest summit in the Tuya Range of the Stikine Ranges in northcentral British Columbia, Canada, located immediately north of High Tuya Lake at the north end of Tuya Mountains Provincial Park. It is one of the six tuyas clustered close to Tuya Lake. The base of the volcano comprises pillow lava and hyaloclastite indicating that the volcano formed beneath ice or under a large lake. The volcano comprises loose debris as well as dikes of basaltic rock that intruded into the volcanic pile. Other tuyas in the area include Tuya Butte, South Tuya and Mathews Tuya, although most of the group of tuyas are unnamed.

Cracker Creek Cone is a small cinder cone in northwestern British Columbia. A large lava flow that partly filled Ruby Creek may have originated from this cone. The lower west side of the cone appears to be partly covered by glacial till suggesting that the cone is older than the most recent glacial advances down Ruby Creek. Cracker Creek Cone is in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province and is one of the three young volcanic cones in the Atlin Volcanic Field.

Caribou Tuya mountain in Canada

Caribou Tuya is a basaltic subglacial mound in far northwestern British Columbia that began eruptive activity under glacial ice during the Fraser glaciation. Like Ash Mountain and South Tuya, sections of the subglacial mound reveal a consistent stratigraphic progression from pillow lavas to hyaloclastite deposits from the base upward. Locally the sections are capped by subaerial basaltic lava flows. Samples of the glassy pillow basalts and hyaloclastites along with crystalline basalt flows were collected at Caribou Tuya. The volcano is believed to have formed and last erupted during the Pleistocene Epoch.

South Tuya, also called Southern Tuya, is a tuya clustered around Tuya Lake in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province in British Columbia, Canada. The base of South Tuya comprises hyaloclastite and pillow lava indicating that the volcano formed beneath a large lake or beneath ice.

Cinder Mountain is a partly eroded cinder cone at the head of Snippaker Creek, British Columbia, Canada. It is one of the Iskut-Unuk River Cones and is the source of a basaltic lava flow that extends 4 km (2 mi) north into Copper King Creek. An isolated pile of subaerial basalt flows and associated pillow lava rest on varved clay and till in King Creek. Cinder Mountain last erupted during the Pleistocene.

Toozaza Peak is a tuya in the Stikine Ranges of the Cassiar Mountains in northern British Columbia, Canada, located in the Iverson Creek. Toozaza Peak is the summit of a north-south aligned ridge between the head of Toozaza Creek and the head of the Jennings River, just south of the Jennings' divide with the Little Rancheria River headwaters. The Little Rancheria and Toozaza Creek are part of the Liard, while the Jennings is part of the Yukon River drainage via Teslin Lake, and the peak therefore stands astride the line of the Continental Divide. It is part of the Tuya Volcanic Field, a volcanic field associated with the Stikine Volcanic Belt, part of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province.

West Vent is one of the three small shield volcanoes located in the Tuya Volcanic Field of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, British Columbia, Canada. It is Holocene in age and stands in relief above the surrounding area north of the Nazcha Creek and comprise the West Tuya lava field.

The Cameron River Volcanic Belt is a Neoarchean volcanic belt near the Cameron River in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It contains pillow lavas about 2,600 million years old, indicating that great oceanic volcanoes existed during the early stages of the formation of the Earth's crust.

Ne Ch'e Ddhawa is a volcano located 7 km (4.3 mi) upstream from Fort Selkirk in the Fort Selkirk Volcanic Field of central Yukon, Canada. It has been described as a cinder cone or a subglacial mound. The volcano erupted subglacially during the late Pleistocene, erupting hyaloclastite tuffs, breccias, and pillow breccias.

Pillow Ridge is a ridge of the Tahltan Highland in northern British Columbia, Canada, located southeast of Telegraph Creek. It extends northwest from Mount Edziza in Mount Edziza Provincial Park.

Snowshoe Lava Field

The Snowshoe Lava Field is a volcanic field associated with the Mount Edziza volcanic complex in northern British Columbia, Canada. It is on the southern end of the Big Raven Plateau and is an area of young lava flows.

Sezill Volcano is a lava dome in Mount Edziza Provincial Park of northern British Columbia, Canada. It is thought to have formed and last erupted during the Miocene period. The volcano gets its name from being adjacent to Sezill Creek.

Enid Creek Cone

Enid Creek Cone is a subglacial mound in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, located in the Dark Mountain area. It last erupted during the Pleistocene epoch.

Iskut Canyon Cone, also known as Iskut River Cone, is a cinder cone of the Iskut-Unuk River Cones group in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, located on the steep southern flank of the Iskut valley near its junction with Forrest Kerr Creek. It last erupted during the Holocene epoch.

Chakatah Creek Peak is a subglacial mound in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is one of the volcanoes of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province and last erupted in the Pleistocene period.

Walkout Creek Cone is a cinder cone in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is one of the volcanoes that produced young basaltic lava flows in the central portion of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex in the past 10,000 years. These basaltic lava flows form a volcanic field called the Snowshoe Lava Field.

Tom MacKay Creek Cone is a basalt subglacial mound in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is part of the Iskut-Unuk River Cones group and last erupted during the Pleistocene epoch. There is a single vent and a single flow, of weathered, fragmented pillow basalt, of maximum 30m thickness.

Klinkit Creek Peak is a tuya in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, located near Klinkit Lake. It lies in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province and last erupted during the Pleistocene epoch.

Mosaic Assemblage

The Mosaic Assemblage is a rock unit of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is the namesake of Mosaic Glacier, which is drained by Mosaic Creek. This geological formation formed 140,000 to less than 90,000 years ago when porphyritic plagioclase-augite-olivine basalt and trachybasalt was erupted in valleys and on mountain ridges. These volcanic rocks form scoriaceous lava flows, breccias, volcanic bombs and pillow lavas.

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