The Piraeus Athena is a Greek bronze statue dated to the fourth century BCE. Named for the city in which it was found, it currently resides in the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus.
The Piraeus Athena is a Greek bronze statue dated to the fourth century BCE. Named for the city in which it was found, it currently resides in the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus.
The statue is an over-life sized representation of Athena, with a height of 2.35 meters (approximately 8 feet). She stands contraposto and wears a peplos that is open on the right side. She also wears a Corinthian helmet decorated with griffins on the sides of the helm and owls on the cheek pieces; the crest of the helmet has a serpent wrapped around its base. [1] An aegis is strapped diagonally across her torso, which has a miniature Gorgon's head on it along with a border of snakes. The aegis' small size indicates that it is likely to be a marker of Athena's identity rather than an actual piece of armament. [2] The position of the lower right arm, reached out and palm up, indicates that she was originally holding something. Possibilities as to what it could have been include an owl held out in the hand, a small statue of Nike, or an offering bowl. [3] The idea that the figure could have been an owl, however, is considered unlikely by Olga Palagia, based on the fact that no contemporary statues of a standing Athena show her holding an owl. [4] Her left arm is posed to hold a spear. The cloth of the peplos appears heavy, as evidenced from the deep cloth lines in the sculpture. [5] The attention to detail at the back of the statue and her slight stoop suggest a possibility that she was designed to be placed on a central pedestal rather than against a wall. [6]
The Piraeus Athena has been determined to be an original, and currently the only existent statue thought to be based on it is the Athena Mattei currently in the Louvre. The position of the right arm on the Louvre statue, however, is different than that of the Piraeus Athena. [7]
The Piraeus Athena was discovered in 1959 by workers who were drilling underground to install pipes. The excavation of the site was led by Ioannis Papademitriou, head of the Greek Archaeological Service, and Mastrokostas Euthymios, the Epimelete of Attica. [8] The excavations uncovered an ancient warehouse that had been burned down, which contained two groups of statues and other artefacts. [9] Athena was found along with a not-quite-life-size bronze statue of Artemis, a large, bronze tragic mask, two marble herms, two bronze shields, and a small marble statue of Artemis Kindyas. [10] [11] The room the statue was found in was close to the main harbour of Piraeus, and the statues appeared to be packed and ready to be shipped when the warehouse burnt down. [12] [13] The entire collection is now known as the Piraeus Bronzes.
There are several theories as to why the statue would have been prepared for shipping. The first is based on the fact that the city of Piraeus was captured by Sulla in 86 BC. This would suggest that the statues were being shipped in order to save them from the Roman attack. [14] This in turn indicates that the original intended location of the statue may have been either in Piraeus itself or locations in its vicinity, including the port of nearby Athens.
Other scholars, however, believe that the statue may have come from Delos. This identification is based on the fact that three of the statues found with the Piraeus Athena were of Artemis, who was believed to have been born at Delos. [15] Further evidence for this suggestion is the capture of Delos by the Romans in 88 BC. If this was the case, the statues could have been part of the collection that Mithridates’ general had sent to Athens after their capture of the island. [16] This theory is supported by the fact that a coin issued under King Mithridates VI was also found somewhere near the statues inscribed with a date equivalent to 87/86 BCE. [17]
Several pieces of evidence date the creation of the statue to around the late 4th century. Firstly, several elements of the design of the statue reflect Greek 4th century BCE styles. One such element is the Corinthian helmet she wears - a style which became very popular in the fourth century. [18] A second factor is the style of the peplos worn by the statue. It depicts a heavy material - a style that became fashionable later during the second half of the fourth century, further narrowing down the possible date range.
There are currently two theories as to the sculptor of the statue. According to Geoffrey Waywall, the drapery bears similarities to a statue of Eirene holding a baby Ploutos which is thought to have been made by Cephisodotus the Elder. This identification is based on the fact that Pausanias states that Cephisodotus made a statue of Peace and Wealth for the Athenians. [19] [20] Pliny the Elder states that Cephisodotus was active during the 102nd Olympiad, which is equivalent to 372-368 BC. [21] This further tallies with the time period in which the Corinthian helmet and heavy peplos style were popular. [22] Waywell identifies what he considers to be multiple areas of similarity between the two statues:
There are remarkable similarities in stance, general pose, proportions, treatment of face, hair, and limbs, and above all in the treatment of the drapery. [23]
Waywell points to details similar between the two statues, such as the way the falls of the drapery are disturbed by the position of the supporting foot, and the way the lifted leg is revealed through the peplos and its interactions with her knee, outer calf and ankle. Compare also the smoothness of the modelling of the free leg through the drapery and the heavy fold which falls from the knee. He also argues that the two statues share the same style of severe vertical folds in the clothing at the side and back. [24]
Olga Palagia, however, argues that there is not much similarity between the style of the two statues:
The only stylistic similarity to the Athena is offered by the position of the bent leg not only drawn back but also set to the side, and by the folds of the skirt which form bands instead of fluting. [25]
Palagia rejects the evidence of the similarities between the skirt of the statues, arguing that it is unreliable due to the way in which copyists often blurred the original rendering. Instead, she highlights several differences between the styles of the two statues. Firstly, the two statues' poses bear slight differences; secondly, there are further discrepancies between other elements of the clothing, such as the fact that the overfall of Athena's peplos hides most of her girdle from the front view, whereas the overfall of the peplos on Eirene has a short overfall that finishes just above the girdle, leaving the kolpos visible. [26]
Instead of Cephisodotus, Palagia suggests Euphranor as the sculptor, based on the similarity of the Piraeus Athena to the Apollo Patroos - another statue known to have been created by him. The two statues share stylistic similarities in how the skirt drapes over the bent leg and in the fullness of the faces. [27] Further, both share the same type of stance - the raised arm is on the opposite side to the bent leg, though the bent leg and arm are the opposite between the two statues. [28] Euphranor was active during the 104th Olympiad, equivalent to 364-361 BC, and thus also fits within the time frame afforded by the popularity of the Corinthian helmet and heavy drapery. [29]
Areia was a cultic epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, under which she was worshipped at Athens.
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The Athena Promachos was a colossal bronze statue of Athena sculpted by Pheidias, which stood between the Propylaea and the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. Athena was the tutelary deity of Athens and the goddess of wisdom and warriors. Pheidias also sculpted two other figures of Athena on the Acropolis, the huge gold and ivory ("chryselephantine") cult image of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon and the Lemnian Athena.
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The Lemnian Athena, or Athena Lemnia, was a classical Greek statue of the goddess Athena. According to geographer Pausanias (1.28.2), the original bronze cast was created by the sculptor Phidias circa 450–440 BCE, for Athenians living on the island of Lemnos to dedicate on the Acropolis of Athens.
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