Prison for Women (Kingston, Ontario)

Last updated
Prison for Women
P4w-kingston-demolition-march-2008.JPG
Demolition of the stone security wall on March 10, 2008
Prison for Women (Kingston, Ontario)
Location Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Coordinates 44°13′21″N76°30′48″W / 44.2225°N 76.5133°W / 44.2225; -76.5133
StatusClosed
Security classMaximum
Opened1934
Closed2000
Managed by Correctional Service of Canada
Notable prisoners
Karla Homolka

Ann Hansen

Evelyn Dick

The Prison For Women ("P4W"; French: Prison des femmes [1] ), located in Kingston, Ontario, was a Correctional Service of Canada prison for women that functioned at a maximum security level from 1934 to 2000. Known for its controversial legacy and significance as Canada's only federal-level penitentiary for women until 2000, the institution housed some of Canada’s most serious female offenders until its decommissioning following years of criticism and scrutiny over inmate treatment. [2] [3] The prison, designed in Neoclassical style by Henry H. Horsey, later became a federal heritage site. [4] Throughout its history, P4W faced ongoing controversies, including inmate abuse, racial discrimination, unethical experiments, and a notorious 1994 riot that led to the influential Arbour Report, eventually prompting significant reforms in the Canadian correctional system. [5] [6]

Contents

Background

From 1835 until 1934 maximum security female offenders in Canada were housed in the “Female Department” of the men’s Kingston Penitentiary. [4] Female inmates were at first housed on a segregated floor from the male prisoners and later on in an adjoining building on the grounds. [4] They were confined to their cells except for meal breaks, chapel on Sundays, and assigned work tasks which included cleaning, laundry, textile production, and meal preparation for the prison. [2] Unlike their male counterparts, female inmates at Kingston did not have access to their own schoolroom. They were instead provided with school books and pencils to educate themselves independently in their cells after working hours, however records of any “curricula, exercises, or tests” provided to the women are limited. [2]

According to government reports, female inmates at Kingston Penitentiary were “expected to be silent unless given permission to speak as part of their job”. [2] Punishments for infractions such as “injurious speech”, which made up the majority of recorded ‘misbehaviour’ for female inmates, included (but were not limited to): public lashings, solitary confinement, bread and water diets, head shaving, and confinement in coffin-shaped “isolation boxes” which were kept in the dining hall. A 1920-1921 RCMP investigation highlighted the inadequate conditions of the penitentiary’s “female department” citing insufficient ventilation, plumbing, access to education and reading material, as well as inappropriate use of solitary confinement. [2]

This investigation, as well as overcrowding and concern over mixed-gendered housing eventually led to the need for separate female facilities. [2] [4] Construction began in May 1925 and the Kingston Prison for Women opened across the street from the men’s facilities in 1934. The work crews who built the facilities were made up of male prisoners from the neighbouring Kingston Penitentiary. [2]

Until 2000, any woman in Canada serving two or more years in prison would be sent to Kingston Prison for Women (P4W ref). However, due to structural changes, inmates were gradually transferred to other regional-level federal correctional institutions for women starting in 1995. [7] On May 8, 2000, the last female inmate was transferred away from P4W. [8]

The institution, and several women who were incarcerated there, were profiled in Janis Cole and Holly Dale's 1981 documentary film P4W: Prison for Women . [9]

Since the prison’s closure in 2000, the P4W building functioned for many years as an administrative building for Kinston Penitentiary. [4] In January 2008, Queen's University took ownership of the former site of the Prison for Women. The property is 8.1 acres (33,000 m2) in size. The university archives were originally slated to be housed there once renovations were completed, but this is no longer the case. [10] The transformation of the property included the demolition of three of the four stone security walls. [11] In June 2018 Queens University sold the site to ABNA Investments Ltd. [12] In 2021 Signature Retirement Living announced plans to turn the property into a seniors community. [13] In February 2023 it was announced that this plan had been cancelled and that the property would instead be developed into a mixed-use neighbourhood. [14] As of October 2024, the property is owned by Siderius Developments and is slated for redevelopment, with plans to turn the former cell block building into a boutique condominium complex. [15]

Structure and architectural significance

Designed by architect and specialist in prison design Henry H. Horsey, [4] the former Prison for Women (also known as Building A3), is a prime example of modernized Neoclassical Architecture in Canada. [4] Although similar in style to the adjoining Kingston Penitentiary as well as many other public buildings of the late 19th and early 20th century in Canada, [16] P4W is the last remaining building designed by Horsey still standing on the property, which encompasses the P4W, the former Kingston Penitentiary and a variety of other smaller prison facilities. [4] Constructed between 1909 and 1913 and designated a fully separate facility from the male prison in 1934, the building was officially recognized as a Federal Heritage Building on May 18th, 1990. [4] Its heritage significance is based upon “its historic association, the quality of its architecture, and the integrity of its environment”. [17] It is also notable in the history of Canadian penology and the “evolution of thought” [17] concerning the gendered separation of prisoners in the Country. [17]

Inmate experience

Government investigations as early as 1938 highlighted lack of adequate facilities and poor treatment of inmates, [18] with a 1977 report describing the prison as “unfit for bears, much less women”. [18] Government reports and inmate surveys have shown that mental health problems among the prison population was a widespread issue, [19] and incidents of self-harm and suicide among inmates was rampant. [19] [20] The 1995-1996 Arbour Investigation revealed that mental health crises were regularly dealt with by putting the inmates in involuntary segregation for extended periods of time—sometimes for months or even years— leading to what Justice Louise Arbour described as “deleterious” effects on the women’s mental health. [20]

Issues of racial discrimination were prevalent within the facility. [20] Routinely over-classified in their security category, [21] [22] Indigenous inmates constituted a considerable proportion of the inmate population and reported particularly violent treatment by prison staff. [23] Suicide rates were also considerably higher among Indigenous inmates than their counterparts; between 1988-1991 seven Indigenous women died by suicide. [24] [7]

Controversies

LSD experiments

Between the 1950s and early 1970s, Canadian correctional facilities, including Kingston's Prison for Women, conducted experimental research involving inmates, primarily under government-sanctioned programs. This period marked a controversial chapter in Canadian penal and medical history, reflecting broader institutional practices in North America regarding the use of inmates and psychiatric patients for scientific research. [25] [26] At P4W, experimental projects included sensory deprivation, electroshock therapy (ECT), and the administration of hallucinogens such as Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). [25]

One well-documented case involved the administration of LSD to at least 23 female inmates during the early 1960s. [5] Correctional researchers, including prison psychiatrists, viewed LSD as a potential therapeutic tool capable of dismantling mental barriers in psychological treatment. [25] However, informed consent procedures were often inadequate or nonexistent, and subjects included vulnerable individuals, such as 17-year-old Dorothy Proctor, who experienced traumatic hallucinations and lasting psychological effects. [5] Some participants reported flashbacks, anxiety, and other symptoms of Post-Hallucinogen Perceptual Disorder (PHPD), a recognized condition marked by recurring sensory disturbances. [25] [5]

The ethical implications of these experiments, including those involving solitary confinement and sensory deprivation studies, have been debated. [25] Many researchers argued their practices aligned with the standards of the time, though contemporary assessments highlight severe ethical lapses. [25] Investigations by Correctional Services Canada in the late 1990s recommended official apologies and reparations for those affected, noting the potential long-term impact on participants' mental health. [5] Despite the historical context justifying certain experimental approaches, subsequent policy reforms emphasized the need for explicit ethical oversight and protections for incarcerated individuals. [25] [20]

1994 prison riot and Arbour Report

On April 22, 1994 a riot stemming from an argument over medication and an alleged racist remark from a prison guard, culminated in a violent altercation involving eight inmates and prison staff. [27] The women, frustrated with perceived racial discrimination and systemic neglect, barricaded themselves, started fires, and attacked a guard with a syringe before taking another one hostage. [27] Correctional authorities responded by calling in an all-male Institutional Emergency Response Team from the neighbouring Kingston Penitentiary, who forcibly restrained the women and conducted illegal strip searches. [20] These actions, later captured on videotape and aired on The Fifth Estate, [28] raised concerns of excessive and dehumanizing force, as male guards were seen cutting away female inmates' clothing during searches. [27]

Following significant media attention and public outcry, Solicitor General Herb Gray commissioned an independent investigation led by Justice Louise Arbour. [3] The resulting “Commission of Inquiry into Certain Events at the Prison for Women in Kingston” (commonly referred to as the Arbour Report) condemned the actions of prison officials, citing a "systemic" culture of disregard for prisoners’ rights. [20] Justice Arbour’s findings outlined a pattern of "cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment" [20] toward the women and criticized Corrections Canada for prioritizing control over prisoners’ rights. [20] Arbour’s recommendations included reforms to prevent future rights abuses, such as the prohibition of male guards in performing strip searches on female inmates and improved mental health support. [20]

The Arbour Report had significant implications for Canada’s correctional system. Its publication prompted resignations within the federal prison administration and led to policy changes, including the formation of all-female emergency response teams and enhanced oversight to protect inmates' legal rights. [3] Despite concerns over the actual implementation of the changes suggested in Arbour’s report (former director of the Canadian Association of Elizabeth Fry Societies Kim Pate once described the Correctional Service of Canada’s efforts as “extremely selective and somewhat self-serving” [29] ) it remains a landmark document advocating for the rule of law and accountability within Canadian prisons, influencing ongoing debates about human rights and prison reform in Canada. [6]

Legacy

Tightwire

Cover the of Fall 1993 issue, edited by Melissa Stewart. Tightwire Magazine Cover Fall Issue 1993.jpg
Cover the of Fall 1993 issue, edited by Melissa Stewart.

From 1970-1995 P4W inmates self-published a quarterly prison newspaper entitled Tightwire. Although heavily censored by prison management, [31] contributors to the zine submitted original art and poetry and wrote on a wide variety of topics including politics, health, prison reform, harm reduction, race, feminism, and spirituality. [31] It also included news updates from outside the prison (including other correctional institutions) and general information for P4W inmates such as PSAs about health and prison programming. [31] It is notable as one of the few entirely self-produced women’s prison publications in Canada, along with Grand Valley Insitution’s Grapevine and Okimaw Ohci Healing Lodge’s Okimaw Ohci Newsletter [32] [33]

Former inmates have described the positive impact Tightwire had on the social environment of the prison, noting how it encouraged mutual respect and understanding among the women, while also giving them a creative and intellectual outlet. [31] Melissa Munn, Okanagan College professor of sociology and founder of the Penal Press archive, notes that Tightwire “gave women a forum to be heard and to demand attention to their issues…it gave them a voice to agitate for change that they would not have had otherwise”. [31]

Digital scans of Tightwire publications from 1978-1993 remain available on the open-source archive “The Gaucher/Munn Penal Press Collection”. [34] Run by professor Munn, the ongoing project aims to provide free primary source access to “prison history from within”, [35] focusing on current and past publications from Canadian (as well as other English-language) prison publications. [35]

P4W Memorial Collective

In 2015, former inmates Fran Chaisson, Laurel Klaus, Jackie Davis, and Ann Hansen formed the “Prison for Women (P4W) Memorial Collective”. Composed of formerly incarcerated women and their allies, the collective organizes gatherings including healing circles, film screenings, letter writing campaigns, and roundtable discussions in an effort to commemorate the lives lost at the prison and advocate for former and currently incarcerated women in Canada. [36] [37] Aside from their annual Prisoners’ Justice Day Ceremony on August 10th, [38] the collective’s main focus is the construction of a memorial garden in front of the former cell block, in which they plan to feature a monument inscribed with the names of women who died while incarcerated in Canada. [36] [37] Currently in the fundraising stage, the collective envisions the memorial garden as a community gathering space for healing and remembering, as well as learning about prisoner experience and the Canadian correctional system. [39]

Directors

Notable prisoners

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingston Penitentiary</span> Former Canadian maximum security prison

Kingston Penitentiary is a former maximum security prison located in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, between King Street West and Lake Ontario.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Correctional Institution, Leavenworth</span> Civilian federal prison in Leavenworth, Kansas, near Fort Leavenworth

The Federal Correctional Institution, Leavenworth is a medium-security federal prison for male inmates in northeast Kansas. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. It also includes a satellite federal prison camp (FPC) for minimum-security male offenders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louisiana State Penitentiary</span> American maximum-security prison farm

The Louisiana State Penitentiary is a maximum-security prison farm in Louisiana operated by the Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections. It is named "Angola" after the former slave plantation that occupied this territory. The plantation was named after the country of Angola, from which many enslaved people originated before arriving in Louisiana.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Correctional Service of Canada</span> Government agency

The Correctional Service of Canada, also known as Correctional Service Canada or Corrections Canada, is the Canadian federal government agency responsible for the incarceration and rehabilitation of convicted criminal offenders sentenced to two years or more. The agency has its headquarters in Ottawa, Ontario.

Ann Hansen is a Canadian anarchist and former member of Direct Action, a guerrilla organization known for the 1982 bombing of a Litton Industries plant, which made components for American cruise missiles. After her arrest she was sentenced to life in prison and was released on parole after seven years. Hansen wrote of her experiences in her 2002 book, Direct Action: Memoirs of an Urban Guerrilla. She is a prison rights activist and released her book Taking the Rap: Women Doing Time for Society's Crimes in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supermax prison</span> Most secure levels of custody in the prison systems of certain countries

A super-maximum security (supermax) or administrative maximum (ADX) prison is a "control-unit" prison, or a unit within prisons, which represents the most secure level of custody in the prison systems of certain countries.

Millhaven Institution is a maximum security prison located in Bath, Ontario. Approximately 500 inmates are incarcerated at Millhaven.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oregon State Penitentiary</span> Prison in Salem, Oregon, U.S.

Oregon State Penitentiary (OSP), also known as Oregon State Prison, is a maximum security prison in the northwest United States in Salem, Oregon. Originally opened in Portland 173 years ago in 1851, it relocated to Salem fifteen years later. The 2,242-capacity prison is the oldest in the state; the all-male facility is operated by the Oregon Department of Corrections (ODOC). OSP contains an intensive management wing, which is being transformed into a psychiatric facility for mentally ill prisoners throughout Oregon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tennessee State Prison</span> Former state prison in Nashville, Tennessee, United States

Tennessee State Prison is a former correctional facility located six miles west of downtown Nashville, Tennessee on Cockrill Bend. It opened in 1898 and has been closed since 1992 because of overcrowding concerns. The facility was severely damaged by an EF3 tornado in the tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oklahoma State Penitentiary</span> Prison in McAlester, Oklahoma, U.S

The Oklahoma State Penitentiary, nicknamed "Big Mac", is a prison of the Oklahoma Department of Corrections located in McAlester, Oklahoma, on 1,556 acres (6.30 km2). Opened in 1908 with 50 inmates in makeshift facilities, today the prison holds more than 750 male offenders, the vast majority of which are maximum-security inmates. They also hold many death row prisoners.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oregon Department of Corrections</span> Law enforcement agency

The Oregon Department of Corrections is the agency of the U.S. state of Oregon charged with managing a system of 12 state prisons since its creation by the state legislature in 1987. In addition to having custody of offenders sentenced to prison for more than 12 months, the agency provides program evaluation, oversight and funding for the community corrections activities of county governments. It is also responsible for interstate compact administration, jail inspections, and central information and data services regarding felons throughout the state. It has its headquarters in Salem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kentucky State Reformatory</span> Medium-security prison

Kentucky State Reformatory (KSR) is a medium-security prison for adult males. The prison is located in unincorporated Oldham County, Kentucky, near La Grange, and about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Louisville. It opened in 1940 to replace the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Frankfort after a flood damaged the original property. As of 2024, the capacity of KSR is 1,051 inmates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Florida Department of Corrections</span> State law enforcement agency of Florida

The Florida Department of Corrections (FDC) is the government agency responsible for operating state prisons in the U.S. state of Florida. It has its headquarters in the state capital of Tallahassee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections</span> State law enforcement agency of Louisiana

The Department of Public Safety and Corrections (DPS&C) is a state law enforcement agency responsible for the incarceration of inmates and management of facilities at state prisons within the state of Louisiana. The agency is headquartered in Baton Rouge. The agency comprises two major areas: Public Safety Services and Corrections Services. The secretary, who is appointed by the governor of Louisiana, serves as the department's chief executive officer. The Corrections Services deputy secretary, undersecretary, and assistant secretaries for the Office of Adult Services and the Office of Youth Development report directly to the secretary. Headquarters administration consists of centralized divisions that support the management and operations of the adult and juvenile institutions, adult and juvenile probation and parole district offices, and all other services provided by the department.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prison</span> Facility where people are kept as punishment for a crime

A prison, also known as a jail, gaol, penitentiary, detention center, correction center, correctional facility, remand center, hoosegow, and slammer, is a facility where people are imprisoned against their will under the authority of the state, generally as punishment for various crimes. Authorities most commonly use prisons within a criminal-justice system: people charged with crimes may be imprisoned until their trial; those who have pled or been found guilty of crimes at trial may be sentenced to a specified period of imprisonment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Missouri State Penitentiary</span> Former prison in Jefferson City, Missouri, United States

The Missouri State Penitentiary was a prison in Jefferson City, Missouri, that operated from 1836 to 2004. Part of the Missouri Department of Corrections, it served as the state of Missouri's primary maximum security institution. Before it closed, it was the oldest operating penal facility west of the Mississippi River. It was replaced by the Jefferson City Correctional Center, which opened on September 15, 2004. The penitentiary is now a tourist attraction, and guided tours are offered.

Nova Institution for Women is a Canadian federal prison for women in Truro, Nova Scotia. The facility, which handles different levels of offenders, can accommodate up to 70 inmates. Nova Institution opened in 1995. The maximum security unit opened in 2002 or 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Department of Corrections (Thailand)</span>

The Department of Corrections is an agency of the Thai Ministry of Justice. Its mission is to keep prisoners in custody and rehabilitate them. Its headquarters is in Suanyai Sub-district, Mueang Nonthaburi District, Nonthaburi Province. As of 2020, Police Colonel Suchart Wongananchai is director-general of the department. Its FY2019 budget was 13,430 million baht.

Prisoners' Justice Day is a solidarity movement that takes place annually on August 10. The movement began in Canada in 1974 in support of prisoners’ rights and to remember all the people who have died of unnatural deaths while incarcerated. The first Prisoners' Justice Day was held at the Millhaven Institution on August 10, 1975, on the first anniversary of Edward Nalon's death. In addition to a day of mourning, six prisoners took part in an eighteen-day hunger strike. In 1976, August 10 was recognized as a memorial day where prisoners would strike in opposition to the use of solitary confinement and to protest inmate conditions within the Prison System by going on a one-day hunger strike and refusing to work.

The Commission of Inquiry into Certain Events at the Prison for Women in Kingston was a Canadian inquiry headed by Justice Louise Arbour concerned with prisoners' rights and the treatment of federally-incarcerated women. The Commission's final report was released in 1996, and was dubbed the Arbour Report.

References

  1. ↑ "Projet de vérification de la dotation mixte 2. Contexte." Correctional Service of Canada. October 8, 1999. Retrieved on August 6, 2016. See English page
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Crime, punishment, and prison for women". www.canada.ca. Correctional Service Canada. 2024-03-04. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  3. 1 2 3 Doyle-Driedger, Sharon; Chisolm, Patricia (2003-03-17). "Women's Prison Riot Report". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Maclean's Magazine. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Former Prison for Women". www.pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Blanchfield, Mike (1998-02-28). "LSD tested on female prisoners: Scientists experimented on inmates at Kingston's Prison for Women in 1960s" (PDF). The Ottawa Citizen. ISSN   0839-3222 . Retrieved 2024-10-25.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. 1 2 Ling, Justin (2019-08-12). "Canada's prisons are failing". www.nationalmagazine.ca. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  7. 1 2 "A Brief History of the Prison for Women (P4W)". P4W Memorial Collective. 2023-12-06.
  8. ↑ "The Closing of the Prison for Women in Kingston", page 1. Brochure produced by Correctional Service Canada. July 6, 2000
  9. ↑ "P4W: Prison for Women". Canadian Film Encyclopedia.
  10. ↑ "Library and Archives Master Plan – Executive Summary" (PDF). 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  11. ↑ http://qnc.queensu.ca/story_loader.php?id=46e6d127cf889 Queen's Acquires former Prison for Women Site (Press Release)
  12. ↑ Nease, Kristy (Jun 26, 2018). "Developer eyes Kingston's shuttered women's prison". CBC. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  13. ↑ MacAlpine, Ian (Jan 28, 2021). "Seniors residence could be in former prison site's future". The Kingston Whig Standard. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  14. ↑ "Union Park February 2023 Update". Union Park Kingston. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  15. ↑ Hutchins, Bill (2024-10-22). "'It's a very complicated property': Parts of former Prison for Women being sold for $13M – Kingston News". Kingstonist News - 100% local, independent news in Kingston, ON. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  16. ↑ Maitland, Leslike (1984). "Neoclassical Architecture in Canada". Parks Canada. Minister of Supply and Services Canada. ISBN   0-660-11529-8. ISSN   0821-1027.
  17. 1 2 3 "Former Prison for Women". www.historicplaces.ca. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  18. 1 2 Renzetti, Elizabeth (2018-08-08). "Beyond the bars: Former inmates at the Kingston Prison for Women return in fight for recognition". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  19. 1 2 Heney, Jan (January 1990). "Report on Self-injurious Behaviour in the Kingston Prison for Women". The Correctional Service of Canada. Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Arbour, Louise (1995-04-10). "Commission of Inquiry Into Certain Events At The Prison For Women In Kingston". www.justicebehindthewalls.net. Public Works and Government Services Canada. ISBN   0-662-24355-2 . Retrieved 2024-10-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  21. ↑ Faith, K. (1995). Aboriginal women's healing lodge: Challenge to penal correctionalism? The Journal of Human Justice. Vol. 6 (2). Pp 79–104.
  22. ↑ Monture-Angus, P. (2000) Aboriginal Women and Correctional Practice: Reflections on the Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women. IN: Hannah-Moffat, K. and Shaw, M. (eds.) (2000) An Ideal Prison? Critical Essays on Women’s Imprisonment in Canada. Pp 52–60.
  23. ↑ Sugar, F. and Fox, L. (1989). Nistum Peyako Seht'wawin Iskwewak: Breaking chains. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law. Vol 3 (2). Pp 465–482.
  24. ↑ Monture-Angus, Patricia (2002). "The Lived Experience of Discrimination: Aboriginal Women Who Are Federally Sentenced". Canadian Association of Elizabeth Fry Societies: 42 – via Indigenous Studies Portal.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Osborne, Geraint B. (2006-07-03). "Scientific Experimentation on Canadian Inmates, 1955 to 1975". The Howard Journal. 45 (3): 287–300 – via HeinOnline.
  26. ↑ Noakes, Taylor C. (2021-12-14). "Montreal MKULTRA Experiments". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-10-25.
  27. 1 2 3 Fennell, Tommy (2003-05-17). "Women's Prison Riot". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  28. ↑ CBC/Radio-Canada (1995). The Ultimate Response (Television production). Retrieved 2024-10-26– via curio.ca.
  29. ↑ Pate, Kim (Fall 2000). "Fifty years of Canada's international commitment to human rights: millstones in correcting corrections for federally sentenced women". Canadian Woman Studies. 20 (3): 1–3 – via Gale OneFile.
  30. ↑ "Tightwire, 1993, November, Fall Issue". Tightwire. Kingston Prison for Women. November 1993 – via Gaucher/Munn Penal Press Collection.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 Ottenhof, Luke (2021-07-26). "Writing in the margins: The story behind Kingston's Prison for Women magazine". www.tvo.org. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  32. ↑ "Grand Valley Institution for Women – The Gaucher/Munn Penal Press Collection". penalpress.com. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  33. ↑ "Okimaw Ochi Newsletter – The Gaucher/Munn Penal Press Collection". penalpress.com. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  34. ↑ "Kingston Prison For Women – The Gaucher/Munn Penal Press Collection". penalpress.com. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  35. 1 2 "About Penal Press – The Gaucher/Munn Penal Press Collection". penalpress.com. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  36. 1 2 "Who We Are and What We Do". P4W Memorial Collective. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  37. 1 2 Guenther, L. (2021). Memory, Imagination, and Resistance in Canada’s Prison for Women. Space and Culture, 25(2), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/12063312211066549
  38. ↑ "Prisoners' Justice Day". P4W Memorial Collective. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  39. ↑ "Memorial Garden". P4W Memorial Collective. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  40. ↑ http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/pblct/brochurep4w/17-eng.shtml List of Prison for Women Directors
  41. ↑ "Key events in the Bernardo/Homolka case." CBC News. June 17, 2010. Retrieved on August 6, 2016.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.