Prostatic calculi

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Prostatic calculi
Other namesprostatic stones, prostatic calcification, prostatic lithiasis
Prostatic Stones - A2.jpg
Transrectal ultrasound of prostatic stones in the peri-urethral zone of the prostate
Specialty Urology

Prostatic calculi (PC), prostatic stones, prostatic calcification or prostatic lithiasis, are hyper-echoic mineral deposits in the prostate that are frequently detected incidentally during transabdominal ultrasonography, transrectal ultrasonography, or computed tomography. [1] [2] [3]

Contents

Formation

There are two main types of prostatic calculi:

The exact mechanism of the development of prostatic calculi is still unclear. [3]

Prevalence

In a study of young adults in Greece (aged 21–50, mean age 40.9 years), the prevalence was found to be 7.35%. [4] While among urologic patients in South Korea (aged 29–89, mean age 61.9 years), the prevalence was 40.7%. [5]

The prevalence is notably higher in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, ranging from 68.8% to 70%. [3] Additionally, a study conducted in Cleveland reported that 46.8% of patients with chronic pelvic pain had stones larger than 3 mm. [6]

Composition

Calcium phosphate is the most common component of prostatic calculi, accounting for more than 80% of cases. [1]

Clinical significance

Most cases of prostatic calculi are asymptomatic. [3] Its clinical significance is debated. [2] While some studies report no significant association between PC and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), others suggest it can aggravate LUTS, chronic prostatitis, and sexual dysfunction. [1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Cao, Jun-Jie; Huang, Wei; Wu, Hong-Shen; Cao, Min; Zhang, Yan; Jin, Xiao-Dong (July 2018). "Prostatic Calculi: Do They Matter?". Sexual Medicine Reviews. 6 (3): 482–491. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.10.003. PMID   29157875. S2CID   2162594.
  2. 1 2 Wang, Hao; Ma, Ming; Qin, Feng; Yuan, Jiuhong (February 2021). "The influence of prostatic calculi on lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction: a narrative review". Translational Andrology and Urology. 10 (2): 929–938. doi: 10.21037/tau-20-1046 . PMC   7947430 . PMID   33718093. S2CID   232231107.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hyun, Jae Seog (2018). "Clinical Significance of Prostatic Calculi: A Review". The World Journal of Men's Health. 36 (1): 15–21. doi:10.5534/wjmh.17018. ISSN   2287-4208. PMC   5756803 . PMID   29076299. S2CID   19198319.
  4. ↑ Geramoutsos, Ioannis; Gyftopoulos, Kostis; Perimenis, Petros; Thanou, Vasiliki; Liagka, Dimitra; Siamblis, Dimitrios; Barbalias, George (2004). "Clinical Correlation of Prostatic Lithiasis with Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes in Young Adults". European Urology. 45 (3): 333–338. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2003.09.020. PMID   15036679.
  5. ↑ Lee, Sang Eun; Ku, J.A. Hyeon; Park, Hyoung Keun; Jeong, Cheol Kwak Hyeon; Kim, Seung Hyup (2003). "Prostatic Calculi Do Not Influence The Level of Serum Prostate Specific Antigen in Men Without Clinically Detectable Prostate Cancer or Prostatitis". Journal of Urology. 170 (3): 745–748. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000081650.23715.4c. ISSN   0022-5347. PMID   12913688.
  6. ↑ Shoskes, Daniel A.; Lee, Chun-Te; Murphy, Donel; Kefer, John; Wood, Hadley M. (2007). "Incidence and Significance of Prostatic Stones in Men with Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome" . Urology. 70 (2): 235–238. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2007.04.008. PMID   17826477.
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