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"School choice" is a term for pre-college public education options, describing a wide array of programs offering students and their families voluntary alternatives to publicly provided schools, to which students are generally assigned by the location of their family residence. In the United States, the most common—both by number of programs and by number of participating students—school choice programs are scholarship tax credit programs, which allow individuals or corporations to receive tax credits toward their state taxes in exchange for donations made to non-profit organizations that grant private school scholarships. In other cases, a similar subsidy may be provided by the state through a school voucher program. Other school choice options include open enrollment laws, charter schools, magnet schools, virtual schools, homeschooling, education savings accounts (ESAs), and individual tax credits or deductions for educational expenses. School choice is supported by international human rights law including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights art. 26, and the Convention Against Discrimination in Education.
Secondary education in the United States is the last seven years of statutory formal education grade 6 through grade 12. It occurs in two phases. The first is the ISCED lower secondary phase, a junior high school or middle school for students grade 6 through grade 8. The second is the ISCED upper secondary phase, the high school for students grade 9 through grade 12. There is some debate over the optimum age of transfer, and variation in some states.
The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) was a U.S. Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act; it included Title I provisions applying to disadvantaged students. It supported standards-based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education. The Act required states to develop assessments in basic skills. To receive federal school funding, states had to give these assessments to all students at select grade levels.
Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 (1925), was an early 20th-century United States Supreme Court decision striking down an Oregon statute that required all children to attend public school. The decision significantly expanded coverage of the Due Process Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution to recognize personal civil liberties. The case has been cited as a precedent in more than 100 Supreme Court cases, including Roe v. Wade, and in more than 70 cases in the courts of appeals.
Student rights are those rights, such as civil, constitutional, contractual and consumer rights, which regulate student rights and freedoms and allow students to make use of their educational investment. These include such things as the right to free speech and association, to due process, equality, autonomy, safety and privacy, and accountability in contracts and advertising, which regulate the treatment of students by teachers and administrators. There is very little scholarship about student rights throughout the world. In general most countries have some kind of student rights enshrined in their laws and proceduralized by their court precedents. Some countries, like Romania, in the European Union, have comprehensive student bills of rights, which outline both rights and how they are to be proceduralized. Most countries, however, like the United States and Canada, do not have a cohesive bill of rights and students must use the courts to determine how rights precedents in one area apply in their own jurisdictions.
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was passed by the 89th United States Congress and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on April 11, 1965. Part of Johnson's "War on Poverty", the act has been the one of the most far-reaching federal legislation affecting education ever passed by the United States Congress, and was further emphasized and reinvented by its modern, revised No Child Left Behind Act.
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a piece of American legislation that ensures students with a disability are provided with Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) that is tailored to their individual needs. IDEA was previously known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) from 1975 to 1990. In 1990, the United States Congress reauthorized EHA and changed the title to IDEA. Overall, the goal of IDEA is to provide children with disabilities the same opportunity for education as those students who do not have a disability.
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002), was a 5-4 decision of the United States Supreme Court that upheld an Ohio program that used school vouchers. The Court decided that the program did not violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment even if the vouchers could be used for private, religious schools.
Upper Darby School District (UDSD) is a large public school district of approximately 12,000 students in Upper Darby Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It consists of an 8.3-square-mile (21 km2) area including Upper Darby Township, Clifton Heights borough, and Millbourne borough. According to 2009 local census data, it serves a resident population of 90,000. In 2009, the district residents’ per capita income was $20,699, while the median family income was $51,965. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010. According to District officials, in school year 2007–08, Upper Darby School District provided basic educational services to 11,700 pupils.
The Dover Area School District is a midsized, rural, public school district located in Dover, York County, Pennsylvania. It serves the communities of: Dover Township, Washington Township and the Borough of Dover in York County. The district encompasses an area of approximately 65 square miles (170 km2). According to the 2010 United States Census, the district community's population grew to 25,779 people. The population of the district was 22,349 people, according to the 2000 federal census. The educational attainment levels for the Dover Area School District population were 87% high school graduates and 14.7% college graduates.
Springfield School District (SSD) is a midsized, suburban, (K-12th) public school district located in Springfield Township, Delaware County. It also serves the neighboring Morton Borough in Pennsylvania. The district is one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania. Springfield School District encompasses just 7 square miles (18 km2). According to 2000 federal census data, it served a resident population of 26,392. By 2010, the district's population increased to 27,515 people. The educational attainment levels for the Springfield School District population were 95.1% high school graduates and 38.6% college graduates. In the 2010 census, the median household income was $87,878 compared to $52,267 in Pennsylvania. The percent of families in poverty was 3.0; the percent of all people in poverty was 3.9; the percent of people under 18 years in poverty was 6.0.
The Bilingual Education Act (BEA), also known as the Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Amendments of 1967, was the first United States federal legislation that recognized the needs of limited English speaking ability (LESA) students. The BEA was introduced in 1967 by Texas senator Ralph Yarborough and was both approved by the 90th United States Congress and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on January 2, 1968. While some states, such as California and Texas, and numerous local school districts around the country already had policies and programs designed to meet the special educational needs of elementary and secondary school students not fluent in the English language, this act signaled that the federal government now also recognized the need for and value of bilingual education programs in U.S. public education. Passed on the heels of the Civil Rights Movement, its purpose was to provide school districts with federal funds, in the form of competitive grants, to establish innovative educational programs for students with limited English speaking ability.
Homeschooling in the United States constitutes the education of about 3.4% of U.S. students. In the United States, the Supreme Court has ruled that parents have a fundamental right to direct the education of their children. The right to homeschool is not frequently questioned in court, but the amount of state regulation and help that can or should be expected continues to be subject to legal debate.
Special education programs in the United States did not always exist. "The idea of excluding students with any disability from public school education can be traced back to 1893, when the Massachusetts Supreme Court expelled a student merely due to poor academic ability". This exclusion would be the basis of education for all individuals with special needs for years to come. In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education sparked the belief that the right to a public education applies to all individuals regardless of race, gender, or disability. Finally, special education programs in the United States were made mandatory in 1975 when the United States Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) "(sometimes referred to using the acronyms EAHCA or EHA, or Public Law 94-142) was enacted by the United States Congress in 1975, in response to discriminatory treatment by public educational agencies against students with disabilities." The EAHCA was later modified to strengthen protections to students with disabilities and renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). IDEA requires states to provide special education and related services consistent with federal standards as a condition of receiving federal funds.
The right to a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) is an educational entitlement of all students in the United States, guaranteed by the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
On the subject of liability and student records in the United States there are various pieces of legislation at the local, state, and federal level that dictate the legal liability of any organizations or persons handling student data in an educational context. This article discusses that in the scope of the United States, and in the scope of educational institutions and their proxies in the handling of student data for children under 19.
Chester Community Charter School [CCCS], also known as Chester Community Charter, is a not-for-profit public charter school in Chester, Pennsylvania, serving the Chester-Upland School District, operated by Charter School Management, Inc., a for-profit company owned by Vahan Gureghian, a multimillionaire businessman and top Republican donor. The school provides full-day kindergarten through 8th grade. Students apply to attend and the school is open to students from the Delaware County and Philadelphia region. It describes itself as "dedicated to empowering students as learners through the development of a learning community". The school is governed by a six-member board of directors. The administration consists of a CEO, a deputy superintendent, a chief financial officer and a principal at each school building. CCCS operates two campuses; one located in Chester City, known as the East Campus and one located in Chester Township, known as the West Campus. Each campus contains multiple newly constructed school buildings. The school is a federally designated Title I school.
Aaron Osmond is a former Republican member of the Utah Senate, representing the 10th district. He resigned from office December 5, 2015.
Seven Generations Charter School is a small, suburban, public charter school located in Emmaus, Pennsylvania, in the United States.
Sylvan Heights Science Charter School is a small, urban, public charter school located at 915 South 13th Street, Harrisburg. It is one of four public charter schools operating in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. The school is a federally designated Title I school. Students are required to wear uniforms. The school focuses on a science-driven interdisciplinary program which highlights discovery and creativity activities. In 2011, Sylvan Heights Science Charter School offered after-school tutoring and a five-week summer school.
References
- ↑ "Protection of Students' Privacy Rights: The Hatch Amendment". US Department of Education. 2011-11-06. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ↑ "Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment (PPRA)". US Department of Education. 2011-11-06. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ↑ "PPRA For Parents". www2.ed.gov. 2014-12-31. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
