Pseudomonas phage F116 holin

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The Pseudomonas phage F116 holin is a non-characterized holin homologous to one in Neisseria gonorrheae that has been characterized. [1] This protein is the prototype of the Pseudomonasphage F116 holin (F116 Holin) family (TC# 1.E.25), which is a member of the Holin Superfamily II. [2] Bioinformatic analysis of the genome sequence of N. gonorrhoeae revealed the presence of nine probable prophage islands. The genomic sequence of FA1090 identified five genomic regions (NgoPhi1 - 5) that are related to dsDNA lysogenic phage. The DNA sequences from NgoPhi1, NgoPhi2 and NgoPhi3 contained regions of identity. A region of NgoPhi2 showed high similarity with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa generalized transducing phage F116. NgoPhi1 and NgoPhi2 encode functionally active phages. The holin gene of NgoPhi1 (identical to that encoded by NgoPhi2), when expressed in E. coli, could substitute for the phage lambda S gene. [1]

<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> species of bacterium

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as gonococcus (singular), or gonococci (plural) is a species of Gram-negative diplococci bacteria isolated by Albert Neisser in 1879. It causes the sexually transmitted genitourinary infection gonorrhea as well as other forms of gonococcal disease including disseminated gonococcemia, septic arthritis, and gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.

The Holin superfamily II is a superfamily of putative pore-forming proteins. It is one of the seven different holin superfamilies in total. In general, these proteins are thought to play a role in regulated cell death, although functionality varies between families and individual members. The Holin superfamily II includes the TC families:

<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> common bacterium

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common encapsulated, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans. A species of considerable medical importance, P. aeruginosa is a multidrug resistant pathogen recognized for its ubiquity, its intrinsically advanced antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and its association with serious illnesses – hospital-acquired infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia and various sepsis syndromes.

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Lambda phage Bacteriophage

Enterobacteria phage λ is a bacterial virus, or bacteriophage, that infects the bacterial species Escherichia coli. It was discovered by Esther Lederberg in 1950. The wild type of this virus has a temperate lifecycle that allows it to either reside within the genome of its host through lysogeny or enter into a lytic phase ; mutant strains are unable to lysogenize cells – instead, they grow and enter the lytic cycle after superinfecting an already lysogenized cell.

<i>Myoviridae</i> family of bacteriophages

The Myoviridae is a family of bacteriophages in the order Caudovirales. Bacteria and archaea serve as natural hosts. There are currently 93 species in this family, divided among four subfamilies and 30 genera.

<i>Podoviridae</i> family of bacteriophages

Podoviridae is a family of viruses in the order Caudovirales. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are currently 50 species in this family, divided among 20 genera. This family is characterized by having very short, noncontractile tails.

Autographivirinae is a subfamily of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Podoviridae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are currently 15 species in this subfamily, divided among 3 genera.

Phikmvlikevirus is a genus of viruses that infect bacteria. There are currently four species in this genus including the type species Pseudomonas phage phiKMV. Bacteriophage phiKMV and its relatives are known to be highly virulent phages, producing large clear plaques on a susceptible host. The only reported exception is phage LKA1, which yields small plaques surrounded by a halo. While all other P. aeruginosa-specific phikmvlikeviruses use the Type IV pili as primary receptor, LKA1 particles attach to the bacterial lipopolysaccharide layer.

Pseudomonas phage phiCTX is a virus of the family Myoviridae, genus P2like virus.

The Phi11 Holin Family constitutes the Holin Superfamily I.

The Phage 21 S Family is a member of the Holin Superfamily II.

The T7 Holin family is a member of the Holin Superfamily II. Members of this family are predominantly found in Caudovirales and Proteobacteria. They typically have only 1 transmembrane segment (TMS) and vary from 60 to 130 amino acyl residues in length. A representative list of proteins belonging to this family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

The HP1 Holin Family is a member of the Holin Superfamily II. Proteins in this family are typically found to contain two transmembrane segments (TMSs) and range between 70 to 80 amino acyl residues (aas) in length. A representative list of proteins belonging to the HP1 holin family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

The PRD1 Phage P35 Holin Family is a member of Holin Superfamily III. The prototype for this family is the lipid-containing PRD1 enterobacterial phage holin protein P35 encoded by gene XXXV (orfT). It is a component of a typical holin-endolysin system which functions to lyse the host bacterial cell.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Hol Holin Family is a group of transporters belonging to the Holin Superfamily III.

The Bacillus subtilis φ29 Holin Family is a group of transporters belonging to the Holin Superfamily IV. A representative list of members belonging to the φ29 holin family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

The Holin Hol44 (Hol44) Family is a group of transporters belonging to the Holin Superfamily V. A representative list of proteins belonging to the Hol44 family from caudovirales and firmicutes can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

The holin LLH family is a group of transporters belonging to the Holin superfamily VI. The Holin LLH family is found in Firmicutes and phage of Firmicutes as well as other bacteria. Members are fairly large, between 100 and 160 amino acyl residues in length, and have an N-terminal transmembrane segment (TMS). Some proteins, such as putative holin of Fusobacterium varium, may exhibit 2 TMSs. A representative list of proteins belonging to the Holin LLH family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

The Lactococcus lactis Phage r1t Holin Family is a family of putative pore-forming proteins that typically range in size between about 65 and 95 amino acyl residues (aas) in length, although a few r1t holins have been found to be significantly larger. Phage r1t holins exhibit between 2 and 4 transmembrane segments (TMSs), with the 4 TMS proteins resulting from an intragenic duplication of a 2 TMS region. A representative list of the proteins belonging to the r1t holin family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

The Neisserial Phage-associated Holin (NP-Holin) Family is a family of small proteins, between 47 - 53 amino acyl residues in length, that exhibit a single N-terminal transmembrane segment (TMS). Although annotated as phage proteins or holins, NP-Holin proteins are not yet functionally characterized, thus more research is needed to confirm holin activity. A representative list of proteins belonging to the NP-Holin family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

The SPP1 Holin Family consists of proteins of between 90 and 160 amino acyl residues (aas) in length that exhibit two transmembrane segments (TMSs). SPP1 is a double-stranded DNA phage that infects the Gram-positive bacteria. Although annotated as holins, members of the SPP1 family are not yet functionally characterized. A representative list of proteins belonging to the SPP1 Holin family can be found in Transporter Classification Database.

The Actinobacterial Phage Holin (APH) Family is a fairly large family of proteins between 105 and 180 amino acyl residues in length, typically exhibiting a single transmembrane segment (TMS) near the N-terminus. A representative list of proteins belonging to the APH family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

References

  1. 1 2 Piekarowicz, Andrzej; Kłyz, Aneta; Majchrzak, Michał; Adamczyk-Popławska, Monika; Maugel, Timothy K.; Stein, Daniel C. (1 January 2007). "Characterization of the dsDNA prophage sequences in the genome of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and visualization of productive bacteriophage". BMC Microbiology. 7: 66. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-7-66. ISSN   1471-2180. PMC   1931599 . PMID   17615066.
  2. ↑ Reddy, Bhaskara L.; Saier, Milton H. (1 November 2013). "Topological and phylogenetic analyses of bacterial holin families and superfamilies". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1828 (11): 2654–2671. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.004. ISSN   0006-3002. PMC   3788059 . PMID   23856191.

As of 10 March 2016, this article is derived in whole or in part from Transporter Classification Database (TCDB). The copyright holder has licensed the content in a manner that permits reuse under CC BY-SA 3.0 and GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed. The original text was at "1.E.25 The Pseudomonas phage F116 Holin (F116 Holin) Family".


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