Transporter Classification Database

Last updated

The Transporter Classification Database (or TCDB) is an International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB)-approved classification system for membrane transport proteins, including ion channels. [1] [2] [3]

Contents

Classification

The upper level of classification and a few examples of proteins with known 3D structure:

1. Channels and pores

1.A α-type channels

1.B. β-Barrel porins and other outer membrane proteins

1.C Pore-forming toxins (proteins and peptides)

1.D Non-ribosomally synthesized channels

  • 1.D.1 The Gramicidin A Channel Family
  • 1.D.2 The Channel-forming Syringomycin Family
  • 1.D.3 The Channel-Forming Syringopeptin Family
  • 1.D.4 The Tolaasin Channel-forming Family
  • 1.D.5 The Alamethicin or Peptaibol Antibiotic Channel-forming Family
  • 1.D.6 The Complexed Poly 3-Hydroxybutyrate Ca2+ Channel (cPHB-CC) Family
  • 1.D.7 The Beticolin Family
  • 1.D.8 The Saponin Family
  • 1.D.9 The Polyglutamine Ion Channel (PG-IC) Family
  • 1.D.10 The Ceramide-forming Channel Family
  • 1.D.11 The Surfactin Family
  • 1.D.12 The Beauvericin (Beauvericin) Family
  • 1.D.13 DNA-delivery Amphipathic Peptide Antibiotics (DAPA)
  • 1.D.14 The Synthetic Leu/Ser Amphipathic Channel-forming Peptide (l/S-SCP) Family
  • 1.D.15 The Daptomycin (Daptomycin) Family
  • 1.D.16 The Synthetic Amphipathic Pore-forming Heptapeptide (SAPH) Family
  • 1.D.17 Combinatorially-designed, Pore-forming, β-sheet Peptide Family
  • 1.D.18 The Pore-forming Guanosine-Bile Acid Conjugate Family
  • 1.D.19 Ca2+ Channel-forming Drug, Digitoxin Family
  • 1.D.20 The Pore-forming Polyene Macrolide Antibiotic/fungal Agent (PMAA) Family
  • 1.D.21 The Lipid Nanopore (LipNP) Family
  • 1.D.22 The Proton-Translocating Carotenoid Pigment, Zeaxanthin Family
  • 1.D.23 Phenylene Ethynylene Pore-forming Antimicrobial (PEPA) Family
  • 1.D.24 The Marine Sponge Polytheonamide B (pTB) Family
  • 1.D.25 The Arylamine Foldamer (AAF) Family
  • 1.D.26 The Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9'-O-β-D-glucoside (DDDC9G) Family
  • 1.D.27 The Thiourea isosteres Family
  • 1.D.28 The Lipopeptaibol Family
  • 1.D.29 The Macrocyclic Oligocholate Family
  • 1.D.30 The Artificial Hydrazide-appended pillar[5]arene Channels (HAPA-C) Family
  • 1.D.31 The Amphotericin B Family
  • 1.D.32 The Pore-forming Novicidin Family
  • 1.D.33 The Channel-forming Polytheonamide B Family
  • 1.D.34 The Channel-forming Oligoester Bolaamphiphiles
  • 1.D.35 The Pore-forming cyclic Lipodepsipeptide Family
  • 1.D.36 The Oligobornene Ion Channel Family
  • 1.D.37 The Hibicuslide C Family
  • 1.D.38 The Cyclic Peptide Nanotube (cPepNT) Family
  • 1.D.39 The Light-controlled Azobenzene-based Amphiphilic Molecular Ion Channel (AAM-IC) Family
  • 1.D.40 The Protein-induced Lipid Toroidal Pore Family
  • 1.D.41 The Sprotetonate-type Ionophore (Spirohexanolide) Family
  • 1.D.42 The Phe-Arg Tripeptide-Pillar[5]Arene Channel (TPPA-C) Family
  • 1.D.43 The Triazole-tailored Guanosine Dinucleoside Channel (TT-GDN-C) Family
  • 1.D.44 The Synthetic Ion Channel with Redox-active Ferrocene (ICRF) Family
  • 1.D.45 The Sonoporation and Electroporation Membrane Pore (SEMP) Family
  • 1.D.46 The DNA Nanopore (DnaNP) Family
  • 1.D.47 The Pore-forming Synthetic Cyclic Peptide (PSCP) Family
  • 1.D.48 The Pore-forming Syringomycin E Family
  • 1.D.49 The Transmembrane Carotenoid Radical Channel (CRC) Family
  • 1.D.50 The Amphiphilic bis-Catechol Anion Transporter (AC-AT) Family
  • 1.D.51 The Protein Nanopore (ProNP) Family
  • 1.D.52 The Aromatic Oligoamide Macrocycle Nanopore (OmnNP) Family
  • 1.D.53 The alpha, gamma-Peptide Nanotube (a,gPepNT) Family
  • 1.D.54 The potassium-selective Hexyl-Benzoureido-15-Crown-5-Ether Ion Channel (HBEC) Family
  • 1.D.55 The Porphyrin-based Nanopore (PorNP) Family
  • 1.D.56 The Alpha-Aminoisobutyrate (Aib) Oligomeric Nanopore (AibNP) Family
  • 1.D.57 The Lipid Electro-Pore (LEP) Family
  • 1.D.58 The Anion Transporting Prodigiosene (Prodigiosene) Family
  • 1.D.59 The Anion Transporting Perenosin (Perenosin) Family
  • 1.D.60 The Alpha,Gamma-Cyclic Peptide (AGCP) Family
  • 1.D.61 The Anionophoric 2,6-Bis(Benzimidazol-2-yl)Pyridine (ABBP) Family
  • 1.D.62 The Bis-Triazolyl DiGuanosine Derivative Channel-forming (TDG) Family
  • 1.D.63 The Peptide-based Nanopore (PepNP) Family
  • 1.D.64 The Carbon Nanotube (CarNT) Family
  • 1.D.65 The Pore-forming Amphidinol (Amphidinol) Family
  • 1.D.66 The Helical Macromolecule Nanopore (HmmNP) Family
  • 1.D.67 The Crown Ether-modified Helical Peptide Ion Channel (CEHP) Family
  • 1.D.68 The Pore-forming Pleuronic Block Polymer (PPBP) Family
  • 1.D.69 The Conical Nanopore (ConNP) Family
  • 1.D.70 The Metallic (Au/Ag/Pt/graphene) Nanopore (MetNP) Family
  • 1.D.71 The Synthetic TP359 Peptide (TP359) Family
  • 1.D.72 The Chloride Carrier Triazine-based Tripodal Receptor (CCTTR) Family
  • 1.D.73 The Mesoporous Silica Nanopore (SilNP) Family
  • 1.D.74 The Stimulus-responsive Synthetic Rigid p-Octiphenyl Stave Pore (SSROP) Family

1.E Holins

1.F Vesicle fusion pores

  • 1.F.1 The Synaptosomal Vesicle Fusion Pore (SVF-Pore) Family
  • 1.F.2 The Octameric Exocyst (Exocyst) Family

1.G Viral fusion pores

  • 1.G.1 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-1 (VMFP1) Family
  • 1.G.2 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-2 (VMFP2) Family
  • 1.G.3 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-3 (VMFP3) Family
  • 1.G.4 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-4 (VMFP4) Family
  • 1.G.5 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-5 (VMFP5) Family
  • 1.G.6 The Hepadnaviral S Fusion Protein (HBV-S Protein) Family
  • 1.G.7 The Reovirus FAST Fusion Protein (R-FAST) Family
  • 1.G.8 The Arenavirus Fusion Protein (AV-FP) Family
  • 1.G.9 The Syncytin (Syncytin) Family
  • 1.G.10 The Herpes Simplex Virus Membrane Fusion Complex (HSV-MFC) Family
  • 1.G.11 Poxvirus Cell Entry Protein Complex (PEP-C) Family
  • 1.G.12 The Avian Leukosis Virus gp95 Fusion Protein (ALV-gp95) Family
  • 1.G.13 The Orthoreovirus Fusion-associated Small Transmembrane (FAST) Family
  • 1.G.14 The Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin/Fusion Pore-forming Protein (Influenza-H/FPP) Family
  • 1.G.15 The Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Major Envelope Glycoprotein GP64 (GP64) Family
  • 1.G.16 The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Fusion Peptide (HIV-FP) Family
  • 1.G.17 The Bovine Leukemia Virus Envelop Glycoprotein (BLV-Env) Family
  • 1.G.18 The SARS-CoV Fusion Peptide in the Spike Glycoprotein Precursor (SARS-FP) Family
  • 1.G.19 The Rotavirus Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Complex (Rotavirus MFC) Family
  • 1.G.20 The Hantavirus Gc Envelope Fusion Glycoprotein (Gc-EFG) Family
  • 1.G.21 The Epstein Barr Virus (Human Herpes Virus 4) Gp42 (Gp42) Family
  • 1.G.22 The Cytomegalovirus (Human Herpesvirus 5) Glycoprotein gO (gO) Family

1.H Paracellular channels

  • 1.H.1 The Claudin Tight Junction (Claudin1) Family
  • 1.H.2 The Invertebrate PMP22-Claudin (Claudin2) Family

1.I Membrane-bound channels

2. Electrochemical potential-driven transporters

2.A Porters (uniporters, symporters, antiporters)

  • 2.A.1 Major Facilitator superfamily (MFS), see also Lactose permease, Phosphate permease and Glucose transporter
  • 2.A.2 The Glycoside-Pentoside-Hexuronide (GPH):Cation Symporter Family
  • 2.A.3 The Amino Acid-Polyamine-Organocation (APC) Family
  • 2.A.4 Cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) Family
  • 2.A.5 Zinc (Zn2+)-Iron (Fe2+) Permease Family
  • 2.A.6 Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division Superfamily, see also SecDF protein-export membrane protein
  • 2.A.7 The Drug/Metabolite Transporter (DMT) Superfamily
  • 2.A.8 The Gluconate:H+ Symporter (GntP) Family
  • 2.A.9 The Membrane Protein Insertase (YidC/Alb3/Oxa1) Family
  • 2.A.10 The 2-Keto-3-Deoxygluconate Transporter (KdgT) Family
  • 2.A.11 The Citrate-Mg2+:H+ (CitM) Citrate-Ca2+:H+ (CitH) Symporter (CitMHS) Family
  • 2.A.12 ATP:ADP Antiporter Family
  • 2.A.13 The C4-Dicarboxylate Uptake (Dcu) Family
  • 2.A.14 Lactate Permease Family
  • 2.A.15 The Betaine/Carnitine/Choline Transporter (BCCT) Family
  • 2.A.16 Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter Family
  • 2.A.17 Proton-dependent Oligopeptide Transporter Family
  • 2.A.18 The Amino Acid/Auxin Permease (AAAP) Family
  • 2.A.19 The Ca2+:Cation Antiporter (CaCA) Family
  • 2.A.20 The Inorganic Phosphate Transporter (PiT) Family
  • 2.A.21 Solute:Sodium Symporter Family
  • 2.A.22 The Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter Family
  • 2.A.23 The Dicarboxylate/Amino Acid:Cation (Na+ or H+) Symporter (DAACS) Family
  • 2.A.24 The 2-Hydroxycarboxylate Transporter (2-HCT) Family
  • 2.A.25 Alanine or Glycine:Cation Symporter (AGCS) Family
  • 2.A.26 The Branched Chain Amino Acid:Cation Symporter (LIVCS) Family
  • 2.A.27 The Glutamate:Na+ Symporter (ESS) Family
  • 2.A.28 Bile Acid:Na+ Symporter Family
  • 2.A.29 Mitochondrial carrier Family
  • 2.A.30 Cation-Chloride Cotransporter (CCC) Family
  • 2.A.31 Anion Exchanger Family
  • 2.A.32 The Silicon Transporter (Sit) Family
  • 2.A.33 NhaA Na+:H+ Antiporter (NhaA) Family
  • 2.A.34 The NhaB Na+:H+ Antiporter (NhaB) Family
  • 2.A.35 The NhaC Na+:H+ Antiporter (NhaC) Family
  • 2.A.36 Monovalent Cation:Proton Antiporter-1 (CPA1) Family
  • 2.A.37 Monovalent Cation:Proton Antiporter-2 (CPA2) Family
  • 2.A.38 K+ Transporter (Trk) Family
  • 2.A.39 Nucleobase:Cation Symporter-1 (NCS1) Family
  • 2.A.40 Nucleobase:Cation Symporter-2 (NCS2) Family
  • 2.A.41 The Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter (CNT) Family
  • 2.A.42 The Hydroxy/Aromatic Amino Acid Permease (HAAAP) Family
  • 2.A.43 The Lysosomal Cystine Transporter (LCT) Family
  • 2.A.45 Arsenite-Antimonite Efflux Family
  • 2.A.46 The Benzoate:H+ Symporter (BenE) Family
  • 2.A.47 Divalent Anion:Na+ Symporter (DASS) Family
  • 2.A.48 The Reduced Folate Carrier (RFC) Family
  • 2.A.49 Chloride Carrier/Channel (ClC) Family
  • 2.A.50 The Glycerol Uptake (GUP) Family
  • 2.A.51 The Chromate Ion Transporter (CHR) Family
  • 2.A.52 The Ni2+-Co2+ Transporter (NiCoT) Family
  • 2.A.53 Sulfate permease (SulP) Family
  • 2.A.54 The Mitochondrial Tricarboxylate Carrier (MTC) Family
  • 2.A.55 The Metal Ion (Mn2+-iron) Transporter (Nramp) Family
  • 2.A.56 The Tripartite ATP-independent Periplasmic Transporter (TRAP-T) Family
  • 2.A.57 The Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter (ENT) Family
  • 2.A.58 The Phosphate:Na+ Symporter (PNaS) Family
  • 2.A.59 The Arsenical Resistance-3 (ACR3) Family
  • 2.A.60 Organo Anion Transporter (OAT) Family
  • 2.A.61 The C4-dicarboxylate Uptake C (DcuC) Family
  • 2.A.62 The NhaD Na+:H+ Antiporter (NhaD) Family
  • 2.A.63 The Monovalent Cation (K+ or Na+):Proton Antiporter-3 (CPA3) Family
  • 2.A.64 Twin Arginine Targeting (Tat) Family
  • 2.A.65 The Bilirubin Transporter (BRT) Family
  • 2.A.66 The Multidrug/Oligosaccharidyl-lipid/Polysaccharide (MOP) Flippase Superfamily
  • 2.A.67 The Oligopeptide Transporter (OPT) Family
  • 2.A.68 The p-Aminobenzoyl-glutamate Transporter (AbgT) Family
  • 2.A.69 The Auxin Efflux Carrier (AEC) Family
  • 2.A.70 The Malonate:Na+ Symporter (MSS) Family
  • 2.A.71 The Folate-Biopterin Transporter (FBT) Family
  • 2.A.72 The K+ Uptake Permease (KUP) Family
  • 2.A.73 The Short Chain Fatty Acid Uptake (AtoE) Family
  • 2.A.74 The 4 TMS Multidrug Endosomal Transporter (MET) Family
  • 2.A.75 The L-Lysine Exporter (LysE) Family
  • 2.A.76 The Resistance to Homoserine/Threonine (RhtB) Family
  • 2.A.77 The Cadmium Resistance (CadD) Family
  • 2.A.78 The Branched Chain Amino Acid Exporter (LIV-E) Family
  • 2.A.79 The Threonine/Serine Exporter (ThrE) Family
  • 2.A.80 The Tricarboxylate Transporter (TTT) Family
  • 2.A.81 The Aspartate:Alanine Exchanger (AAEx) Family
  • 2.A.82 The Organic Solute Transporter (OST) Family
  • 2.A.83 The Na+-dependent Bicarbonate Transporter (SBT) Family
  • 2.A.84 The Chloroplast Maltose Exporter (MEX) Family
  • 2.A.85 The Aromatic Acid Exporter (ArAE) Family
  • 2.A.86 The Autoinducer-2 Exporter (AI-2E) Family (Formerly the PerM Family, TC #9.B.22)
  • 2.A.87 The Prokaryotic Riboflavin Transporter (P-RFT) Family
  • 2.A.88 Vitamin Uptake Transporter (VUT or ECF) Family
  • 2.A.89 The Vacuolar Iron Transporter (VIT) Family
  • 2.A.90 Vitamin A Receptor/Transporter (STRA6) Family
  • 2.A.91 Mitochondrial tRNA Import Complex (M-RIC) (Formerly 9.C.8)
  • 2.A.92 The Choline Transporter-like (CTL) Family
  • 2.A.94 The Phosphate Permease (Pho1) Family
  • 2.A.95 The 6TMS Neutral Amino Acid Transporter (NAAT) Family
  • 2.A.96 The Acetate Uptake Transporter (AceTr) Family
  • 2.A.97 The Mitochondrial Inner Membrane K+/H+ and Ca2+/H+ Exchanger (LetM1) Family
  • 2.A.98 The Putative Sulfate Exporter (PSE) Family
  • 2.A.99 The 6TMS Ni2+ uptake transporter (HupE-UreJ) Family
  • 2.A.100 The Ferroportin (Fpn) Family
  • 2.A.101 The Malonate Uptake (MatC) Family (Formerly UIT1)
  • 2.A.102 The 4-Toluene Sulfonate Uptake Permease (TSUP) Family
  • 2.A.103 The Bacterial Murein Precursor Exporter (MPE) Family
  • 2.A.104 The L-Alanine Exporter (AlaE) Family
  • 2.A.105 The Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier (MPC) Family
  • 2.A.106 The Ca2+:H+ Antiporter-2 (CaCA2) Family
  • 2.A.107 The MntP Mn2+ Exporter (MntP) Family
  • 2.A.108 The Iron/Lead Transporter (ILT) Family
  • 2.A.109 The Tellurium Ion Resistance (TerC) Family
  • 2.A.110 The Heme Transporter, heme-responsive gene protein (HRG) Family
  • 2.A.111 The Na+/H+ Antiporter-E (NhaE) Family
  • 2.A.112 The KX Blood-group Antigen (KXA) Family
  • 2.A.113 The Nickel/cobalt Transporter (NicO) Family
  • 2.A.114 The Putative Peptide Transporter Carbon Starvation CstA (CstA) Family
  • 2.A.115 The Novobiocin Exporter (NbcE) Family
  • 2.A.116 The Peptidoglycolipid Addressing Protein (GAP) Family
  • 2.A.117 The Chlorhexadine Exporter (CHX) family
  • 2.A.118 The Basic Amino Acid Antiporter (ArcD) Family
  • 2.A.119 The Organo-Arsenical Exporter (ArsP) Family
  • 2.A.120 The Putative Amino Acid Permease (PAAP) Family
  • 2.A.121 The Sulfate Transporter (CysZ) Family
  • 2.A.122 The LrgB/CidB holin-like auxiliary protein (LrgB/CidB) Family
  • 2.A.123 The Sweet; PQ-loop; Saliva; MtN3 (Sweet) Family
  • 2.A.124 The Lysine Exporter (LysO) Family
  • 2.A.125 The Eukaryotic Riboflavin Transporter (E-RFT) Family
  • 2.A.126 The Fatty Acid Exporter (FAX) Family
  • 2.A.127 Enterobacterial Cardiolipin Transporter (CLT) Family

2.B Nonribosomally synthesized porters

  • 2.B.1 The Valinomycin Carrier Family
  • 2.B.2 The Monensin Family
  • 2.B.3 The Nigericin Family
  • 2.B.4 The Macrotetrolide Antibiotic (MA) Family
  • 2.B.5 The Macrocyclic Polyether (MP) Family
  • 2.B.6 The Ionomycin Family
  • 2.B.7 The Transmembrane α-helical Peptide Phospholipid Translocation (TMP-PLT) Family
  • 2.B.8 The Bafilomycin A1 (Bafilomycin) Family
  • 2.B.9 The Cell Penetrating Peptide (CPP) Functional Family
  • 2.B.10 The Synthetic CPP, Transportan Family
  • 2.B.11 The Calcimycin or A23187 Carrier-type Ionophore Family
  • 2.B.12 The Salinomycin Family
  • 2.B.13 The Tetrapyrrolic Macrocyclic Anion Antiporter (TPMC-AA) Family
  • 2.B.14 The Lasalocid A or X-537A Ionophore (Lasalocid) Family
  • 2.B.15 The Tris-thiourea Tripodal-based Chloride Carrier (TTT-CC) Family
  • 2.B.16 The Halogen-bond-containing Compound Anion Carrier (HCAC) Family
  • 2.B.17 The Isophthalaminde Derivative H+:Cl Co-transporter (IDC) Family
  • 2.B.18 The Pyridine-2,6-Dicarboxamine Derivative (PDCA) H+:Cl Co-transporter Family
  • 2.B.19 The Calix(4)pyrrole Derivative (C4P) Family
  • 2.B.20 The Prodigiosin (Prodigiosin) Chloride/Bicarbonate Exchanger Family
  • 2.B.21 The ortho-Phenylenediamine-bis-Urea Derivative Anion Transporter (oPDA-U) Family
  • 2.B.22 The Imidazolium-functionalized Anion Transporter (IAT) Family
  • 2.B.23 The Homotetrameric Transmembrane Zn2+/Co2+:Proton Synthetic Antiporter, Rocker (Rocker) Family
  • 2.B.24 The 2,6-Bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine Anion Carrier (BBP-AC) Family
  • 2.B.25 The Peptide-mediated Lipid Flip-Flop (PLFF) Family
  • 2.B.26 The Bis(imidazolyl)-functionalizedBis(Choloyl) Conjugate (BIBCC) Family
  • 2.B.27 The Tris-Urea Anion Transporter Family
  • 2.B.29 The Anionophoric Marine Alkaloid Tambjamine Family

2.C Ion-gradient-driven energizers

  • 2.C.1 The TonB-ExbB-ExbD/TolA-TolQ-TolR (TonB) Family of Auxiliary Proteins for Energization of Outer Membrane Receptor (OMR)-mediated Active Transport

3. Primary active transporters

3.A. P-P-bond hydrolysis-driven transporters

  • 3.A.1 ABC transporters including BtuCD, molybdate uptake transporter, Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and others
  • 3.A.2 The H+- or Na+-translocating F-type ATPase, V-type ATPase and A-type ATPase superfamily
  • 3.A.3 The P-type ATPase Superfamily
  • 3.A.4 The Arsenite-Antimonite efflux family
  • 3.A.5 General secretory pathway (Sec) translocon (preprotein translocase SecY)
  • 3.A.6 The Type III (Virulence-related) Secretory Pathway (IIISP) Family
  • 3.A.7 The Type IV (Conjugal DNA-Protein Transfer or VirB) Secretory Pathway (IVSP) Family
  • 3.A.8 The Mitochondrial Protein Translocase (MPT) Family
  • 3.A.9 The Chloroplast Envelope Protein Translocase (CEPT or Tic-Toc) Family
  • 3.A.10 H+, Na+-translocating Pyrophosphatase family
  • 3.A.11 The Bacterial Competence-related DNA Transformation Transporter (DNA-T) Family
  • 3.A.12 The Septal DNA Translocator (S-DNA-T) Family
  • 3.A.13 The Filamentous Phage Exporter (FPhE) Family
  • 3.A.14 The Fimbrilin/Protein Exporter (FPE) Family
  • 3.A.15 The Outer Membrane Protein Secreting Main Terminal Branch (MTB) Family
  • 3.A.16 The Endoplasmic Reticular Retrotranslocon (ER-RT) Family
  • 3.A.17 The Phage T7 Injectisome (T7 Injectisome) Family
  • 3.A.18 The Nuclear mRNA Exporter (mRNA-E) Family
  • 3.A.19 The TMS Recognition/Insertion Complex (TRC) Family
  • 3.A.20 The Peroxisomal Protein Importer (PPI) Family
  • 3.A.21 The C-terminal Tail-Anchored Membrane Protein Biogenesis/ Insertion Complex (TAMP-B) Family
  • 3.A.22 The Transcription-coupled TREX/TAP Nuclear mRNA Export Complex (TREX) Family
  • 3.A.23 The Type VI Symbiosis/Virulence Secretory Pathway (VISP) Family
  • 3.A.24 Type VII or ESX Protein Secretion System (T7SS) Family
  • 3.A.25 The Symbiont-specific ERAD-like Machinery (SELMA) Family
  • 3.A.26 The Plasmodium Translocon of Exported proteins (PTEX) Family

3.B Decarboxylation-driven transporters

  • 3.B.1 The Na+-transporting Carboxylic Acid Decarboxylase (NaT-DC) Family

3.C Methyltransfer-driven transporters

  • 3.C.1 The Na+ Transporting Methyltetrahydromethanopterin:Coenzyme M Methyltransferase (NaT-MMM) Family

3.D. Oxidoreduction-driven transporters

They include a number of transmembrane cytochrome b-like proteins including coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase (cytochrome bc1 ); cytochrome b6f complex; formate dehydrogenase, respiratory nitrate reductase; succinate - coenzyme Q reductase (fumarate reductase); and succinate dehydrogenase. See electron transport chain.

  • 3.D.1 The H+ or Na+-translocating NADH Dehydrogenase ("complex I") family
  • 3.D.2 The Proton-translocating Transhydrogenase (PTH) Family
  • 3.D.3 The Proton-translocating Quinol:Cytochrome c Reductase) Superfamily
  • 3.D.4 Proton-translocating Cytochrome Oxidase (COX) Superfamily
  • 3.D.5 The Na+-translocating NADH:Quinone Dehydrogenase (Na-NDH or NQR) Family
  • 3.D.6 The Putative Ion (H+ or Na+)-translocating NADH:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase (NFO or RNF) Family
  • 3.D.7 The H2:Heterodisulfide Oxidoreductase (HHO) Family
  • 3.D.8 The Na+- or H+-Pumping Formyl Methanofuran Dehydrogenase (FMF-DH) Family
  • 3.D.9 The H+-translocating F420H2 Dehydrogenase (F420H2DH) Family
  • 3.D.10 The Prokaryotic Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) Family

3.E. Light absorption-driven transporters

4. Group translocators

4.A Phosphotransfer-driven group translocators

4.B Nicotinamide ribonucleoside uptake transporters

  • 4.B.1 The Nicotinamide Ribonucleoside (NR) Uptake Permease (PnuC) Family

4.C Acyl CoA ligase-coupled transporters

  • 4.C.1 The Proposed Fatty Acid Transporter (FAT) Family
  • 4.C.2 The Carnitine O-Acyl Transferase (CrAT) Family
  • 4.C.3 The Acyl-CoA Thioesterase (AcoT) Family

4.D Polysaccharide Synthase/Exporters

  • 4.D.1 The Putative Vectorial Glycosyl Polymerization (VGP) Family
  • 4.D.2 The Glycosyl Transferase 2 (GT2) Family
  • 4.D.3 The Glycan Glucosyl Transferase (OpgH) Family

4.E. Vacuolar Polyphosphate Polymerase-catalyzed Group Translocators

  • 4.E.1 The Vacuolar (Acidocalcisome) Polyphosphate Polymerase (V-PPP) Family

5. Transport electron carriers

5.A Transmembrane 2-electron transfer carriers

  • 5.A.1 The Disulfide Bond Oxidoreductase D (DsbD) Family
  • 5.A.2 The Disulfide Bond Oxidoreductase B (DsbB) Family
  • 5.A.3 The Prokaryotic Molybdopterin-containing Oxidoreductase (PMO) Family

5.B Transmembrane 1-electron transfer carriers

  • 5.B.1 The Phagocyte (gp91phox) NADPH Oxidase Family
  • 5.B.2 The Eukaryotic Cytochrome b561 (Cytb561) Family
  • 5.B.3 The Geobacter Nanowire Electron Transfer (G-NET) Family
  • 5.B.4 The Plant Photosystem I Supercomplex (PSI) Family
  • 5.B.5 The Extracellular Metal Oxido-Reductase (EMOR) Family
  • 5.B.6 The Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen Protein-3 Ferric Reductase (STEAP) Family
  • 5.B.7 The YedZ (YedZ) Family
  • 5.B.8 The Trans-Outer Membrane Electron Transfer Porin/Cytochrome Complex (ET-PCC) Family
  • 5.B.9 The Porin-Cytochrome c (Cyc2) Family

8. Accessory factors involved in transport

8.A Auxiliary transport proteins

8.B Ribosomally synthesized protein/peptide toxins that target channels and carriers

8.C Non-ribosomally synthesized toxins that target channels and carriers

9. Incompletely characterized transport systems

9.A Recognized transporters of unknown biochemical mechanism

9.B Putative transport proteins

9.C Functionally characterized transporters lacking identified sequences

Related Research Articles

In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport that uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and secondary active transport that uses an electrochemical gradient. This process is in contrast to passive transport, which allows molecules or ions to move down their concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, without energy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transmembrane protein</span> Protein spanning across a biological membrane

A transmembrane protein is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane. Many transmembrane proteins function as gateways to permit the transport of specific substances across the membrane. They frequently undergo significant conformational changes to move a substance through the membrane. They are usually highly hydrophobic and aggregate and precipitate in water. They require detergents or nonpolar solvents for extraction, although some of them (beta-barrels) can be also extracted using denaturing agents.

A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral transmembrane proteins; that is they exist permanently within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis, or reverse diffusion. The two main types of proteins involved in such transport are broadly categorized as either channels or carriers. Examples of channel/carrier proteins include the GLUT 1 uniporter, sodium channels, and potassium channels. The solute carriers and atypical SLCs are secondary active or facilitative transporters in humans. Collectively membrane transporters and channels are known as the transportome. Transportomes govern cellular influx and efflux of not only ions and nutrients but drugs as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanopore</span>

A nanopore is a pore of nanometer size. It may, for example, be created by a pore-forming protein or as a hole in synthetic materials such as silicon or graphene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antiporter</span> Class of transmembrane transporter protein

An antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-transporter) is a cotransporter and integral membrane protein involved in secondary active transport of two or more different molecules or ions across a phospholipid membrane such as the plasma membrane in opposite directions, one into the cell and one out of the cell. Na+/H+ antiporters have been reviewed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cotransporter</span> Type of membrane transport proteins

Cotransporters are a subcategory of membrane transport proteins (transporters) that couple the favorable movement of one molecule with its concentration gradient and unfavorable movement of another molecule against its concentration gradient. They enable coupled or cotransport and include antiporters and symporters. In general, cotransporters consist of two out of the three classes of integral membrane proteins known as transporters that move molecules and ions across biomembranes. Uniporters are also transporters but move only one type of molecule down its concentration gradient and are not classified as cotransporters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Porin (protein)</span> Group of transport proteins

Porins are beta barrel proteins that cross a cellular membrane and act as a pore, through which molecules can diffuse. Unlike other membrane transport proteins, porins are large enough to allow passive diffusion, i.e., they act as channels that are specific to different types of molecules. They are present in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and some gram-positive mycobacteria, the outer membrane of mitochondria, and the outer chloroplast membrane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ion transporter</span> Transmembrane protein that moves ions across a biological membrane

In biology, a transporter is a transmembrane protein that moves ions across a biological membrane to accomplish many different biological functions, including cellular communication, maintaining homeostasis, energy production, etc. There are different types of transporters including pumps, uniporters, antiporters, and symporters. Active transporters or ion pumps are transporters that convert energy from various sources—including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), sunlight, and other redox reactions—to potential energy by pumping an ion up its concentration gradient. This potential energy could then be used by secondary transporters, including ion carriers and ion channels, to drive vital cellular processes, such as ATP synthesis.

The galactose permease or GalP found in Escherichia coli is an integral membrane protein involved in the transport of monosaccharides, primarily hexoses, for utilization by E. coli in glycolysis and other metabolic and catabolic pathways (3,4). It is a member of the Major Facilitator Super Family (MFS) and is homologue of the human GLUT1 transporter (4). Below you will find descriptions of the structure, specificity, effects on homeostasis, expression, and regulation of GalP along with examples of several of its homologues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voltage-dependent anion channel</span> Class of porin ion channels in the outer mitochondrial membrane

Voltage-dependent anion channels, or mitochondrial porins, are a class of porin ion channel located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. There is debate as to whether or not this channel is expressed in the cell surface membrane.

An amino acid transporter is a membrane transport protein that transports amino acids. They are mainly of the solute carrier family.

The amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily is the second largest superfamily of secondary carrier proteins currently known, and it contains several Solute carriers. Originally, the APC superfamily consisted of subfamilies under the transporter classification number. This superfamily has since been expanded to include eighteen different families.

The sulfate permease (SulP) family is a member of the large APC superfamily of secondary carriers. The SulP family is a large and ubiquitous family of proteins derived from archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Many organisms including Bacillus subtilis, Synechocystis sp, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana and Caenorhabditis elegans possess multiple SulP family paralogues. Many of these proteins are functionally characterized, and most are inorganic anion uptake transporters or anion:anion exchange transporters. Some transport their substrate(s) with high affinities, while others transport it or them with relatively low affinities. Others may catalyze SO2−
4
:HCO
3
exchange, or more generally, anion:anion antiport. For example, the mouse homologue, SLC26A6, can transport sulfate, formate, oxalate, chloride and bicarbonate, exchanging any one of these anions for another. A cyanobacterial homologue can transport nitrate. Some members can function as channels. SLC26A3 and SLC26A6 can function as carriers or channels, depending on the transported anion. In these porters, mutating a glutamate, also involved in transport in the CIC family, created a channel out of the carrier. It also changed the stoichiometry from 2Cl/HCO
3
to 1Cl/HCO
3
.

The potassium (K+) uptake permease (KUP) family (TC# 2.A.72) is a member of the APC superfamily of secondary carriers. Proteins of the KUP/HAK/KT family include the KUP (TrkD) protein of E. coli and homologues in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. High affinity (20 μM) K+ uptake systems (Hak1, TC# 2.A.72.2.1) of the yeast Debaryomyces occidentalis as well as the fungus, Neurospora crassa, and several homologues in plants have been characterized. Arabidopsis thaliana and other plants possess multiple KUP family paralogues. While many plant proteins cluster tightly together, the Hak1 proteins from yeast as well as the two Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial proteins are distantly related on the phylogenetic tree for the KUP family. All currently classified members of the KUP family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

The Ca2+:cation antiporter (CaCA) family (TC# 2.A.19) is a member of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) superfamily. This family should not be confused with the Ca2+:H+ Antiporter-2 (CaCA2) Family (TC# 2.A.106) which belongs to the Lysine Exporter (LysE) Superfamily. Proteins of the CaCA family are found ubiquitously, having been identified in animals, plants, yeast, archaea and divergent bacteria. Members of this family facilitate the antiport of calcium ion with another cation.

Divalent anion:Na+ symporters were found in bacteria, archaea, plant chloroplasts and animals.

Phosphate permeases are membrane transport proteins that facilitate the diffusion of phosphate into and out of a cell or organelle. Some of these families include:

The ion transporter (IT) superfamily is a superfamily of secondary carriers that transport charged substrates.

The arsenical resistance-3 (ACR3) family is a member of the BART superfamily. Based on operon analyses, ARC3 homologues may function either as secondary carriers or as primary active transporters, similarly to the ArsB and ArsAB families. In the latter case ATP hydrolysis again energizes transport. ARC3 homologues transport the same anions as ArsA/AB homologues, though ArsB homologues are members of the IT Superfamily and homologues of the ARC3 family are within the BART Superfamily suggesting they may not be evolutionarily related.

The cation:proton antiporter (CPA) superfamily is a superfamily of transport proteins named after one of its constituent members, the monovalent cation:proton antiporter-2 (CPA2).

References

  1. Saier, Milton H.; Reddy, Vamsee S.; Tamang, Dorjee G.; Västermark, Åke (January 2014). "The Transporter Classification Database". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (D1): D251–D258. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1097. PMC   3964967 . PMID   24225317.
  2. Saier, M. H.; Yen, M. R.; Noto, K.; Tamang, D. G.; Elkan, C. (1 January 2009). "The Transporter Classification Database: recent advances". Nucleic Acids Research. 37 (Database): D274–D278. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn862. PMC   2686586 . PMID   19022853.
  3. Saier, M. H.; Tran, C. V.; Barabote, R. D. (1 January 2006). "TCDB: the Transporter Classification Database for membrane transport protein analyses and information". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (90001): D181–D186. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj001. PMC   1334385 . PMID   16381841.