Related Research Articles
A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral transmembrane proteins; that is they exist permanently within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport. The two main types of proteins involved in such transport are broadly categorized as either channels or carriers. The solute carriers and atypical SLCs are secondary active or facilitative transporters in humans. Collectively membrane transporters and channels are transportome. Transportomes govern cellular influx and efflux of not only ions and nutrients but drugs as well.
Vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) also known as chromaffin granule amine transporter (CGAT) or solute carrier family 18 member 1 (SLC18A1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A1 gene. VMAT1 is an integral membrane protein, which is embedded in synaptic vesicles and serves to transfer monoamines, such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, between the cytosol and synaptic vesicles. SLC18A1 is an isoform of the vesicular monoamine transporter.
The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members organized into 66 families. Most members of the SLC group are located in the cell membrane. The SLC gene nomenclature system was originally proposed by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) and is the basis for the official HGNC names of the genes that encode these transporters. A more general transmembrane transporter classification can be found in TCDB database.
CD98 is a glycoprotein that is a heterodimer composed of SLC3A2 and SLC7A5 that forms the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1). LAT1 is a heterodimeric membrane transport protein that preferentially transports branched-chain and aromatic amino acids. LAT is highly expressed in brain capillaries relative to other tissues.
A neurotransmitter sodium symporter (NSS) (TC# 2.A.22) is type of neurotransmitter transporter that catalyzes the uptake of a variety of neurotransmitters, amino acids, osmolytes and related nitrogenous substances by a solute:Na+ symport mechanism. The NSS family is a member of the APC superfamily. Its constituents have been found in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes.
4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC3A2 gene.
High affinity cationic amino acid transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A1 gene.
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC36A1 gene.
Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) also known as solute carrier family 16 member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC16A3 gene.
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC32A1 gene.
Cationic amino acid transporter 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A2 gene.
The plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) is a low-affinity monoamine transporter protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC29A4 gene. It is known alternatively as the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-4 (hENT4). Unlike other members of the ENT family, it is impermeable to most nucleosides, with the exception of the inhibitory neurotransmitter and ribonucleoside adenosine, which it is permeable to in a highly pH-dependent manner.
The monocarboxylate transporters, or MCTs, are a family of proton-linked plasma membrane transporters that carry molecules having one carboxylate group (monocarboxylates), such as lactate, pyruvate, and ketones across biological membranes. MCTs are expressed in nearly every kind of cell.
Nucleoside transporters (NTs) are a group of membrane transport proteins which transport nucleoside substrates like adenosine across the membranes of cells and/or vesicles. There are two known types of nucleoside transporters, concentrative nucleoside transporters and equilibrative nucleoside transporters, as well as possibly a yet-unidentified vesicular transporter.
Monocarboxylate transporter 10, also known as aromatic amino acid transporter 1 and T-type amino acid transporter 1 (TAT1) and solute carrier family 16 member 10 (SLC16A10), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC16A10 gene. SLC16A10 is a member of the solute carrier family.
Monocarboxylate transporter 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC16A9 gene.
Monocarboxylate transporter 3 (MCT3) also known as solute carrier family 16 member 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC16A8 gene. MCT is a proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter. It catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine, valine and isoleucine, and the ketone bodies acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetate. It also functions as high-affinity pyruvate transporter.
The amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily is the second largest superfamily of secondary carrier proteins currently known, and it contains several Solute carriers. Originally, the APC superfamily consisted of subfamilies under the transporter classification number. This superfamily has since been expanded to include eighteen different families.
Members of the Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter (ENT) Family are transport proteins that are specific to nucleosides and nucleobases, and are part of the major facilitator superfamily. They generally possess at least 6, typically 10, transmembrane segments (TMSs) and are 300-600 amino acyl residues in length.
Proton-coupled amino acid transporters belong to the SLC26A5 family; they are protein receptors whose main function is the transmembrane movement of amino acids and their derivatives. This family of receptors is most commonly found within the luminal surface of the small intestine as well as in some lysosomes. The solute carrier family (SLC) of genes includes roughly 400 membrane proteins that are characterized by 66 families in total. The SLC36 family of genes maps to chromosome 11. The diversity of these receptors is vast, with the ability to transport both charged and uncharged amino acids along with their derivatives. In research and practice, SLC36A1/2 are both targets for drug-based delivery systems for a wide range of disorders.
References
- ↑ Kanai Y, Hediger MA (2004). "The glutamate/neutral amino acid transporter family SLC1: molecular, physiological and pharmacological aspects". Pflügers Arch. 447 (5): 469–479. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1146-4. PMID 14530974. S2CID 21564906.
- ↑ Palacin M, Kanai Y (2004). "The ancillary proteins of HATs: SLC3 family of amino acid transporters". Pflügers Arch. 447 (5): 490–494. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1062-7. PMID 14770309. S2CID 25808108.
- ↑ Singh SK, Piscitelli CL, Yamashita A, Gouaux E (2008). "A competitive inhibitor traps LeuT in an open-to-out conformation". Science. 322 (5908): 1655–1661. Bibcode:2008Sci...322.1655S. doi:10.1126/science.1166777. PMC 2832577 . PMID 19074341.
- ↑ Verrey F, Closs EI, Wagner CA, Palacin M, Endou H, Kanai Y (2004). "CATs and HATs: the SLC7 family of amino acid transporters" (PDF). Pflügers Arch. 447 (5): 532–542. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1086-z. PMID 14770310. S2CID 11670040.
- ↑ Daniel H, Kottra G (2004). "The proton oligopeptide cotransporter family SLC15 in physiology and pharmacology". Pflügers Arch. 447 (5): 610–618. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1101-4. PMID 12905028. S2CID 22369521.
- ↑ Reimer RJ, Edwards RH (2004). "Organic anion transport is the primary function of the SLC17/type I phosphate transporter family". Pflügers Arch. 447 (5): 629–635. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1087-y. PMID 12811560. S2CID 9680597.
- ↑ Eiden LE, Schafer MK, Weihe E, Schutz B (2004). "The vesicular amine transporter family (SLC18): amine/proton antiporters required for vesicular accumulation and regulated exocytotic secretion of monoamines and acetylcholine". Pflügers Arch. 447 (5): 636–640. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1100-5. PMID 12827358. S2CID 20764857.
- ↑ Palmieri F (2004). "The mitochondrial transporter family (SLC25): physiological and pathological implications". Pflügers Arch. 447 (5): 689–709. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1099-7. PMID 14598172. S2CID 25304722.
- ↑ Mount DB, Romero MF (2004). "The SLC26 gene family of multifunctional anion exchangers". Pflügers Arch. 447 (5): 710–721. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1090-3. PMID 12759755. S2CID 20302398.
- ↑ Gasnier B (2004). "The SLC32 transporter, a key protein for the synaptic release of inhibitory amino acids". Pflügers Arch. 447 (5): 752–755. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1091-2. PMID 12750892. S2CID 24669893.
- ↑ Boll M, Daniel H, Gasnier B (2004). "The SLC36 family: proton-coupled transporters for the absorption of selected amino acids from extracellular and intracellular proteolysis family". Pflügers Arch. 447 (5): 776–779. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1073-4. PMID 12748860. S2CID 25655241.
- ↑ Mackenzie B, Erickson JD (2004). "Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid (System N/A) transporters of the SLC38 gene family". Pflügers Arch. 447 (5): 784–795. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1117-9. PMID 12845534. S2CID 35457147.
- ↑ [Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transporter Is Present in Glucagon-Containing Secretory Granules in {alpha}TC6 Cells, Mouse Clonal {alpha}-Cells, and {alpha}-Cells of Islets of Langerhans] Diabetes 52:2066-2074, 2003