GJA1

GJA1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2LL2
Identifiers
Aliases	GJA1 , AVSD3, CMDR, CX43, EKVP, GJAL, HLHS1, HSS, ODDD, PPKCA, gap junction protein alpha 1, EKVP3
External IDs	OMIM: 121014 MGI: 95713 HomoloGene: 136 GeneCards: GJA1
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 6 (human) [1] Band 6q22.31 Start 121,435,595 bp [1] End 121,449,727 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 10 (mouse) [2] Band 10 B4|10 28.64 cM Start 56,253,426 bp [2] End 56,278,609 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in external globus pallidus hair follicle parietal pleura vulva human penis Region I of hippocampus proper internal globus pallidus superior vestibular nucleus vena cava seminal vesicula Top expressed in ciliary body cumulus cell iris hair follicle body of femur molar condyle otic placode optic nerve cornea More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function gap junction channel activity involved in cardiac conduction electrical coupling gap junction channel activity involved in cell communication by electrical coupling protein domain specific binding SH3 domain binding ion transmembrane transporter activity PDZ domain binding transmembrane transporter activity protein binding connexin binding gap junction channel activity signal transducer activity disordered domain specific binding Cellular component cytoplasm endosome membrane focal adhesion mitochondrion multivesicular body mitochondrial outer membrane endoplasmic reticulum membrane raft lysosome fascia adherens extracellular exosome integral component of membrane late endosome Golgi apparatus plasma membrane early endosome gap junction Golgi-associated vesicle membrane endoplasmic reticulum membrane Golgi membrane integral component of plasma membrane cell junction connexin complex intercalated disc Biological process muscle contraction positive regulation of protein catabolic process regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly cell communication cellular response to mechanical stimulus vascular transport gap junction assembly positive regulation of cell communication by chemical coupling negative regulation of wound healing negative regulation of cell population proliferation apoptotic process heart development negative regulation of cell growth positive regulation of vasoconstriction positive regulation of glomerular filtration negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation chronic inflammatory response neuron projection morphogenesis response to glucose response to fluid shear stress atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential transmembrane transport positive regulation of behavioral fear response negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process positive regulation of insulin secretion regulation of calcium ion transport ATP transport positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration cell-cell signaling cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction response to peptide hormone negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation ion transmembrane transport protein complex oligomerization endothelium development response to pH positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling signal transduction response to ischemia response to lipopolysaccharide response to retinoic acid decidualization cell communication by electrical coupling epididymis development regulation of transmembrane transporter activity cellular response to parathyroid hormone stimulus transport Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 2697 14609 Ensembl ENSG00000152661 ENSMUSG00000050953 UniProt P17302 P23242 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000165 NM_010288 RefSeq (protein) NP_000156 NP_034418 Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 121.44 – 121.45 Mb Chr 10: 56.25 – 56.28 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Connexin43
connexin 43 carboxyl terminal domain
Identifiers
Symbol	Connexin43
Pfam	PF03508
InterPro	IPR013124
TCDB	1.A.24
Available protein structures: Pfam   structures / ECOD   PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

Gap junction alpha-1 protein (GJA1), also known as connexin 43 (Cx43), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GJA1 gene on chromosome 6. ^{[5] [6] [7]} As a connexin, GJA1 is a component of gap junctions, which allow for gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) between cells to regulate cell death, proliferation, and differentiation. ^[8] As a result of its function, GJA1 is implicated in many biological processes, including muscle contraction, embryonic development, inflammation, and spermatogenesis, as well as diseases, including oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD), heart malformations, and cancers. ^{[7] [9] [10]}

Structure

GJA1 is a 43.0 kDa protein composed of 382 amino acids. ^[11] GJA1 contains a long C-terminal tail, an N-terminal domain, and multiple transmembrane domains. The protein passes through the phospholipid bilayer four times, leaving its C- and N-terminals exposed to the cytoplasm. ^[12] The C-terminal tail is composed of 50 amino acids and includes post-translational modification sites, as well as binding sites for transcription factors, cytoskeleton elements, and other proteins. ^{[12] [13]} As a result, the C-terminal tail is central to functions such as regulating pH gating and channel assembly. Notably, the DNA region of the GJA1 gene encoding this tail is highly conserved, indicating that it is either resistant to mutations or becomes lethal when mutated. Meanwhile, the N-terminal domain is involved in channel gating and oligomerization and, thus, may control the switch between the channel's open and closed states. The transmembrane domains form the gap junction channel while the extracellular loops facilitate proper channel docking. Moreover, two extracellular loops form disulfide bonds that interact with two hexamers to form a complete gap junction channel. ^[12]

The connexin-43 internal ribosome entry site is an RNA element present in the 5' UTR of the mRNA of GJA1. This internal ribosome entry site (IRES) allows cap independent translation during conditions such as heat shock and stress. ^[14]

Connexin-43 internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of IRES_Cx43
Identifiers
Symbol	IRES_Cx43
Rfam	RF00487
Other data
RNA type	Cis-reg; IRES
Domain(s)	Eukaryota
GO	GO:0043022
SO	SO:0000243
PDB structures	PDBe

Function

Connexin 43 distribution in the rat myocardium (gap junctions between cardiomyocytes)

As a member of the connexin family, GJA1 is a component of gap junctions, which are intercellular channels that connect adjacent cells to permit the exchange of low molecular weight molecules, such as small ions and secondary messengers, to maintain homeostasis. ^{[7] [12] [15]}

GJA1 is the most ubiquitously expressed connexin and is detected in most cell types. ^{[7] [9] [12]} It is the major protein in heart gap junctions and is purported to play a crucial role in the synchronized contraction of the heart. ^[7] Despite its key role in the heart and other vital organs, GJA1 has a short half-life (only two to four hours), indicating that the protein undergoes daily turnover in the heart and may be highly abundant or compensated with other connexins. ^[12] GJA1 is also largely involved in embryonic development. ^{[7] [8]} For instance, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) was observed to induce GJA1 expression via the Smad and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, resulting in trophoblast cell differentiation into the placenta. ^[8]

Furthermore, GJA1 is expressed in many immune cells, such as eosinophils and T cells, where its gap junction function promotes the maturation and activation of these cells and, by extension, the cross-communication necessary to mount an inflammatory response. ^[10] It has also been shown that uterine macrophage directly physically couple with uterine myocytes through GJA1, transferring Ca²⁺, to promote uterine muscle contraction and excitation during human labor onset. ^[16]

In addition, GJA1 can be found in the Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules between Sertoli cells and spermatogonia or primary spermatocytes, where it plays a key role in spermatogenesis and testis development through controlling the tight junction proteins in the blood-testis barrier.

While it is a channel protein, GJA1 can also perform channel-independent functions. In the cytoplasm, the protein regulates the microtubule network and, by extension, cell migration and polarity. ^{[9] [13]} This function has been observed in brain and heart development, as well as wound-healing in endothelial cells. ^[13] GJA1 has also been observed to localize to the mitochondria, where it promotes cell survival by downregulating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway during conditions of oxidative stress. ^[15]

Clinical significance

Mutations in this gene have been associated with ODDD; craniometaphyseal dysplasia; sudden infant death syndrome, which is linked to cardiac arrhythmia; Hallermann–Streiff syndrome; and heart malformations, such as viscero-atrial heterotaxia. ^{[7] [9] [12] [17]} There have also been a few cases of reported hearing loss and skin disorders unrelated to ODDD. ^[12] Ultimately, GJA1 has low tolerance for deviations from its original sequence, with mutations resulting in loss- or gain-of-channel function that lead to disease phenotypes. ^[12] It is paradoxical, however, that patients with an array of somatic mutations in GJA1 most often do not present with cardiac arrhythmias, even though connexin-43 is the most abundant protein forming gap junctional pores in cardiomyocytes and are essential for normal action potential propagation. ^[18]

Notably, GJA1 expression has been associated with a wide variety of cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, meningioma, hemangiopericytoma, liver tumor, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, mesothelioma, glioblastoma, lung cancer, adrenocortical tumors, renal cell cancer, cervical carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, prostate cancer, thyroid carcinoma, and testicular cancer. ^[9] Its role in controlling cell motility and polarity was thought to contribute to cancer development and metastasis, though its role as a gap junction protein may also be involved. ^{[9] [15]} Moreover, the cytoprotective effects of this protein can promote tumor cell survival in radiotherapy treatments, while silencing its gene increases radiosensitivity. As a result, GJA1 may serve as a target for improving the success of radiotherapeutic treatment of cancer. ^[15] As a biomarker, GJA1 could also be used to screen young males for risk of testis cancer. ^[9]

The thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) downregulates the expression of GJA1. This is assumed to be a key mechanism why the conduction velocity in myocardial tissue is reduced in thyrotoxicosis, thereby promoting cardiac arrhythmia. ^[19]

Currently, only rotigaptide, an antiarrhythmic peptide-based drug, and its derivatives, such as danegaptide, have reached clinical trials for treating cardiac pathologies by enhancing GJA1 expression. Alternatively, drugs could target complementary connexins, such as Cx40, which function similarly to GJA1. However, both approaches still require a system to target the diseased tissue to avoid inducing developmental abnormalities elsewhere. ^[12] Thus, a more effective approach entails designing a miRNA through antisense oligonucleotides, transfection, or infection to knock down only mutant GJA1 mRNA, thus allowing the expression of wildtype GJA1 and retaining normal phenotype. ^{[9] [12]}

Interactions

Gap junction protein, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with:

• Cx37, ^[12]
• Cx40, ^[12]
• Cx45, ^[12]
• MAPK7, ^[20]
• Caveolin 1, ^[21]
• Tight junction protein 1 ^[22]
• CSNK1D, ^[23] and
• PTPmu (PTPRM). ^[24]

See also

• Connexin
• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000152661 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000050953 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Boyadjiev SA, Jabs EW, LaBuda M, Jamal JE, Torbergsen T, Ptácek LJ, Rogers RC, Nyberg-Hansen R, Opjordsmoen S, Zeller CB, Stine OC, Stalker HJ, Zori RT, Shapiro RE (May 1999). "Linkage analysis narrows the critical region for oculodentodigital dysplasia to chromosome 6q22-q23". Genomics. 58 (1): 34–40. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5814. PMID   10331943.
6. Fishman GI, Eddy RL, Shows TB, Rosenthal L, Leinwand LA (May 1991). "The human connexin gene family of gap junction proteins: distinct chromosomal locations but similar structures". Genomics. 10 (1): 250–256. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90507-B. PMID   1646158.
7. "Entrez Gene: GJA1 gap junction protein, alpha 1, 43kDa".
8. Cheng JC, Chang HM, Fang L, Sun YP, Leung PC (Jul 2015). "TGF-β1 up-regulates connexin43 expression: a potential mechanism for human trophoblast cell differentiation". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 230 (7): 1558–1566. doi:10.1002/jcp.24902. PMID   25560303. S2CID   28968035.
9. Chevallier D, Carette D, Segretain D, Gilleron J, Pointis G (Apr 2013). "Connexin 43 a check-point component of cell proliferation implicated in a wide range of human testis diseases". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 70 (7): 1207–1220. doi:10.1007/s00018-012-1121-3. PMID   22918484. S2CID   11855947.
10. Vliagoftis H, Ebeling C, Ilarraza R, Mahmudi-Azer S, Abel M, Adamko D, Befus AD, Moqbel R (2014). "Connexin 43 expression on peripheral blood eosinophils: role of gap junctions in transendothelial migration". BioMed Research International. 2014: 803257. doi: 10.1155/2014/803257 . PMC   4109672 . PMID   25110696.
11. "Protein sequence of human GJA1 (Uniprot ID: P17302)". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
12. Laird DW (Apr 2014). "Syndromic and non-syndromic disease-linked Cx43 mutations". FEBS Letters. 588 (8): 1339–1348. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.12.022 . PMID   24434540. S2CID   20651016.
13. Kameritsch P, Pogoda K, Pohl U (Aug 2012). "Channel-independent influence of connexin 43 on cell migration". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1818 (8): 1993–2001. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.11.016 . PMID   22155212.
14. Schiavi A, Hudder A, Werner R (Dec 1999). "Connexin43 mRNA contains a functional internal ribosome entry site". FEBS Letters. 464 (3): 118–122. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01699-3 . PMID   10618489. S2CID   26020820.
15. Ghosh S, Kumar A, Chandna S (Jul 2015). "Connexin-43 downregulation in G2/M phase enriched tumour cells causes extensive low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) associated with mitochondrial apoptotic events". Cancer Letters. 363 (1): 46–59. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.046. PMID   25843295.
16. Boros-Rausch, A., Shynlova, O., & Lye, S. J. (2021). "A Broad-Spectrum Chemokine Inhibitor Blocks Inflammation-Induced Myometrial Myocyte-Macrophage Crosstalk and Myometrial Contraction". Cells. 11 (1): 128. doi: 10.3390/cells11010128 PMID: 35011690
17. Pizzuti A, Flex E, Mingarelli R, Salpietro C, Zelante L, Dallapiccola B (Mar 2004). "A homozygous GJA1 gene mutation causes a Hallermann-Streiff/ODDD spectrum phenotype". Human Mutation. 23 (3): 286. doi: 10.1002/humu.9220 . PMID   14974090. S2CID   13345970.
18. Delmar M, Makita N (May 2012). "Cardiac connexins, mutations and arrhythmias". Current Opinion in Cardiology. 27 (3): 236–241. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e328352220e. PMID   22382502. S2CID   205620477.
19. Müller P, Leow MK, Dietrich JW (2022). "Minor perturbations of thyroid homeostasis and major cardiovascular endpoints-Physiological mechanisms and clinical evidence". Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 9: 942971. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.942971 . PMC   9420854 . PMID   36046184.
20. Cameron SJ, Malik S, Akaike M, Lerner-Marmarosh N, Yan C, Lee JD, Abe J, Yang J (May 2003). "Regulation of epidermal growth factor-induced connexin 43 gap junction communication by big mitogen-activated protein kinase1/ERK5 but not ERK1/2 kinase activation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (20): 18682–18688. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M213283200 . PMID   12637502.
21. Schubert AL, Schubert W, Spray DC, Lisanti MP (May 2002). "Connexin family members target to lipid raft domains and interact with caveolin-1". Biochemistry. 41 (18): 5754–5764. doi:10.1021/bi0121656. PMID   11980479.
22. Giepmans BN, Moolenaar WH (1998). "The gap junction protein connexin43 interacts with the second PDZ domain of the zona occludens-1 protein". Current Biology. 8 (16): 931–934. doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(07)00375-2 . PMID   9707407. S2CID   6434044.
23. Cooper CD, Lampe PD (Nov 2002). "Casein kinase 1 regulates connexin-43 gap junction assembly". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (47): 44962–44968. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M209427200 . PMID   12270943.
24. Giepmans BN, Feiken E, Gebbink MF, Moolenaar WH (2003). "Association of connexin43 with a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase". Cell Communication & Adhesion. 10 (4–6): 201–205. doi: 10.1080/cac.10.4-6.201.205 . PMID   14681016.

Further reading

• Harris AL, Locke D (2009). Connexins, A Guide. New York: Springer. p. 574. ISBN   978-1-934115-46-6.
• Saffitz JE, Laing JG, Yamada KA (Apr 2000). "Connexin expression and turnover : implications for cardiac excitability". Circulation Research. 86 (7): 723–728. doi: 10.1161/01.res.86.7.723 . PMID   10764404.

External links

• Page for Connexin-43 internal ribosome entry site (IRES) at Rfam