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Obstetrics and gynaecology or obstetrics and gynecology is the medical specialty that encompasses the two subspecialties of obstetrics and gynaecology. It's commonly abbreviated as OB-GYN or OB/GYN in US English, and as obs and gynae or O&G in British English.
Prenatal testing consists of prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis, which are aspects of prenatal care that focus on detecting problems with the pregnancy as early as possible. These may be anatomic and physiologic problems with the health of the zygote, embryo, or fetus, either before gestation even starts or as early in gestation as practicable. Screening can detect problems such as neural tube defects, chromosome abnormalities, and gene mutations that would lead to genetic disorders and birth defects, such as spina bifida, cleft palate, Downs Syndrome, Tay–Sachs disease, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and fragile X syndrome. Some tests are designed to discover problems which primarily affect the health of the mother, such as PAPP-A to detect pre-eclampsia or glucose tolerance tests to diagnose gestational diabetes. Screening can also detect anatomical defects such as hydrocephalus, anencephaly, heart defects, and amniotic band syndrome.
Umbilical cord prolapse is when the umbilical cord comes out of the uterus with or before the presenting part of the baby. The concern with cord prolapse is that pressure on the cord from the baby will compromise blood flow to the baby. It usually occurs during labor but can occur anytime after the rupture of membranes.
Hydrops fetalis is a condition in the fetus characterized by an accumulation of fluid, or edema, in at least two fetal compartments. By comparison, hydrops allantois or hydrops amnion is an accumulation of excessive fluid in the allantoic or amniotic space, respectively.
Fetal surgery also known as fetal reconstructive surgery,antenatal surgery, prenatal surgery, is a growing branch of maternal-fetal medicine that covers any of a broad range of surgical techniques that are used to treat birth defects in fetuses who are still in the pregnant uterus. There are three main types: open fetal surgery, which involves completely opening the uterus to operate on the fetus; minimally invasive fetoscopic surgery, which uses small incisions and is guided by fetoscopy and sonography; and percutaneous fetal therapy, which involves placing a catheter under continuous ultrasound guidance.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Rhc) can range from a mild to a severe disease. It is the third most common cause of severe HDN. Rh disease is the most common and hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell) is the second most common cause of severe HDN.
Kyprianos "Kypros" Nicolaides is a Greek-Cypriot maternal fetal medicine specialist, holding several patents in fetal surgery. He is one of the pioneers of fetal medicine. His discoveries have revolutionised fetal medicine. He introduced the screening of chromosomal and structural abnormalities, has improved the screening and prevention of pre-eclampsia and premature birth and allowed the development of fetal therapy.
Maternal–fetal medicine (MFM), also known as perinatology, is a branch of medicine that focuses on managing health concerns of the mother and fetus prior to, during, and shortly after pregnancy.
A Fellowship is the period of medical training, in the United States and Canada, that a physician, dentist, or veterinarian may undertake after completing a specialty training program (residency). During this time, the physician is known as a Fellow. Fellows are capable of acting as an Attending Physician or a Consultant Physician in the generalist field in which they were trained, such as Internal Medicine or Pediatrics. After completing a Fellowship in the relevant sub-specialty, the Physician is permitted to practice without direct supervision by other physicians in that sub-specialty, such as Cardiology or Oncology.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-RhE) is caused by the anti-RhE antibody of the Rh blood group system. The anti-RhE antibody can be naturally occurring, or arise following immune sensitization after a blood transfusion or pregnancy.
For other uses see PUBS
Roberto Caldeyro-Barcia was a Uruguayan doctor who pioneered the field of maternal-fetal medicine, or perinatology. His research with Dr. Hermógenes Alvarez created Montevideo units, a measure of uterine performance during labor. He was a founding editor of the Journal of Perinatal Medicine, a widely published author, a lecturer, and as of 2010 the only Uruguayan to be nominated for a Nobel Prize.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to obstetrics:
Nebojsa V. Radunovic is a university professor of obstetrics and gynecology at University of Belgrade's School of Medicine* Reference 1, Chair of Human reproduction department at Institute for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center of Serbia and a corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. He was born in 1954 in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo, then SFRY.
Obstetric medicine, similar to maternal medicine, is a sub-specialty of general internal medicine and obstetrics that specializes in process of prevention, diagnosing, and treating medical disorders in with pregnant women. It is closely related to the specialty of maternal-fetal medicine, although obstetric medicine does not directly care for the fetus. The practice of obstetric medicine, or previously known as "obstetric intervention," primarily consisted of the extraction of the baby during instances of duress, such as obstructed labor or if the baby was positioned in breech.
Diana W. Bianchi is an American medical geneticist and neonatologist noted for her research on fetal cell microchimerism and prenatal testing. She is the director of the Eunice Kennedy ShriverNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Prior to joining NIH, Bianchi was the Natalie V. Zucker Professor of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology at Tufts University School of Medicine and Executive Director of the Mother Infant Research Institute at Tufts Medical Center. She also has served as Vice Chair for Research in the Department of Pediatrics at the Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center.
Michael B. Bracken, Ph.D., M.Phil., M.P.H., is a perinatal epidemiologist. He is the Susan Dwight Bliss Professor of Epidemiology at the Yale School of Public Health, and Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, and Professor of Neurology at the Yale School of Medicine. He is co-director of the Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology.
Jennifer R. Niebyl (1942) is a Canadian obstetrics and gynecology researcher and professor. She has made significant contributions to the understanding of drugs in pregnancy and lactation.
Charles Richard Whitfield FRCOG, FRCP(G) was a Northern Irish obstetrician and gynaecologist who was a pioneer of maternal-fetal (perinatal) medicine. His primary interest was in fetal medicine, a branch of obstetrics and gynaecology that focuses on the assessment of the development, growth and health of the baby in the womb. He was also an early proponent of subspecialisation within the fields of obstetrics and gynaecology, a practice that is common today.
Senait Fisseha is a reproductive endocrinology and infertility academic at the University of Michigan and director of international programs at the Susan Buffet Foundation. Fisseha has a law degree and is known for her work as an advocate for global reproductive health, rights and gender equality. She is the founder of the Center for International Reproductive Health Training (CIRHT) at the University of Michigan. She chaired the election campaign of Tedros Adhanom, the first African Director General of the World Health Organization, in 2016-17.
References
- 1 2 "Quilligan Scholars". The Pregnancy Foundation. 2016-02-19. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ↑ "The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine | SMFM.org - The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine". SMFM.org. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
- ↑ "Special Delivery" (PDF). S3.amazonaws.com. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
- 1 2 "Pregnancy Foundation Updates | SMFM.org - The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine". SMFM.org. Retrieved 2016-05-05.