Related Research Articles
Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis. This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available. While sometimes used for nocturnal leg cramps, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects. It can be taken by mouth or intravenously. Malaria resistance to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world. Quinine is also used as an ingredient in tonic water and other beverages to impart a bitter taste.
A cartel is a group of independent market participants who collude with each other as well as agreeing not to compete with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the market. A cartel is an organization formed by producers to limit competition and increase prices by creating artificial shortages through low production quotas, stockpiling, and marketing quotas. Cartels can be vertical or horizontal but are inherently unstable due to the temptation to defect and falling prices for all members. Additionally, advancements in technology or the emergence of substitutes may undermine cartel pricing power, leading to the breakdown of the cooperation needed to sustain the cartel. Cartels are usually associations in the same sphere of business, and thus an alliance of rivals. Most jurisdictions consider it anti-competitive behavior and have outlawed such practices. Cartel behavior includes price fixing, bid rigging, and reductions in output. The doctrine in economics that analyzes cartels is cartel theory. Cartels are distinguished from other forms of collusion or anti-competitive organization such as corporate mergers.
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Jr. was a Dutch physical chemist. A highly influential theoretical chemist of his time, van 't Hoff was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His pioneering work helped found the modern theory of chemical affinity, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, and chemical thermodynamics. In his 1874 pamphlet, van 't Hoff formulated the theory of the tetrahedral carbon atom and laid the foundations of stereochemistry. In 1875, he predicted the correct structures of allenes and cumulenes as well as their axial chirality. He is also widely considered one of the founders of physical chemistry as the discipline is known today.
Braunschweig or Brunswick is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser. In 2016, it had a population of 250,704 and in 2024, it has a population of 272,417.
Cinchona is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs. All are native to the tropical Andean forests of western South America. A few species are reportedly naturalized in Central America, Jamaica, French Polynesia, Sulawesi, Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, and São Tomé and Príncipe off the coast of tropical Africa, and others have been cultivated in India and Java, where they have formed hybrids.
Quinidine is a class IA antiarrhythmic agent used to treat heart rhythm disturbances. It is a diastereomer of antimalarial agent quinine, originally derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. The drug causes increased action potential duration, as well as a prolonged QT interval. As of 2019, its IV formulation is no longer being manufactured for use in the United States.
The K130 Braunschweig class is Germany's newest class of ocean-going corvettes. Five ships have replaced the Gepard-class fast attack craft of the German Navy.
MediaMarkt is a German multinational chain of stores selling consumer electronics with over 1000 stores in ten countries in Europe. With the Saturn chain of stores it constitutes Media-Saturn Holding, owned by the retail company Ceconomy, which was demerged from Metro Group in 2017.
Selfkant is a municipality in the Heinsberg district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the most westerly municipality in Germany.
Friedrich Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn was a German-born Dutch botanist and geologist. His father, Friedrich Junghuhn was a barber and a surgeon. His mother was Christine Marie Schiele. Junghuhn studied medicine in Halle and in Berlin from 1827 to 1831, meanwhile (1830) publishing a seminal paper on mushrooms in Linnaea. Ein Journal für Botanik.
The Energy Watch Group (EWG) is an international network of scientists and parliamentarians. The EWG conducts research and publishes studies on global energy developments concerning both fossil fuels and renewables. The organization states that it seeks to provide energy policy with objective information.
The history of malaria extends from its prehistoric origin as a zoonotic disease in the primates of Africa through to the 21st century. A widespread and potentially lethal human infectious disease, at its peak malaria infested every continent except Antarctica. Its prevention and treatment have been targeted in science and medicine for hundreds of years. Since the discovery of the Plasmodium parasites which cause it, research attention has focused on their biology as well as that of the mosquitoes which transmit the parasites.
In the industrial sector, the Luxembourg steel industry continues to occupy the first place in the country, even after the industrial reforms which have taken place since the 1960s.
Karl Heinz Schwab, known professionally as Ralf Bendix, was a German Schlager singer, music producer, composer and songwriter.
The Compagnie des phosphates de Gafsa or CPG is a Tunisian phosphate mining company based in Gafsa, formed in the late 19th century during the French colonial era, and once the largest employer in the country. It was merged in 1994 with the Groupe chimique tunisien (CGT) to form the CPG-CGT group. Before the revolution of 2011 the company was the fifth largest phosphate producer in the world, but since then strikes and social unrest have caused production to drop by half.
The DEGRIGES was a trading company which was founded one year after the beginning of Axis occupation of Greece by the Reich Finance Ministry and based in Berlin. Branches existed in Athens, Thessaloniki, Volos and Patras. It had the monopoly on the foreign trade of Greece from October 1942 onwards. It was the main vehicle for the economic exploitation of Greece by Nazi Germany until the withdrawal of German troops in October 1944.
Manuel Incra Mamani was a Bolivian cascarillero from Coroico. He may have been of either Quechua and/or Aymara descent. Mamani found a cinchona tree species that had a higher proportion of quinine than most others. This species went into Dutch commercial cultivation, providing most of the world's quinine well into the 20th century.
The International Steel Agreement was instituted in 1926 in Europe and was the first international steel cartel. Its purpose was to sustain prices, and to equitably divide up quotas amongst member states and companies, which represented around two-thirds of the world's steel exports, as well as to secure the member states' supplies of iron ore and coke, which were indispensable to their steel industries. It faced difficulties due to Nazi Germany's desire to re-arm and increased British and American exports after the Wall Street Crash of 1929.
The Kinabureau was a Dutch organization that regulated the trade in cinchona bark, founded in 1913 and headquartered in the Dutch capital of Amsterdam. Cinchona bark was mainly important for the production of quinine, at that time just about the only effective remedy against malaria. The Kinabureau was part of a cartel of producers of cinchona bark and quinine. About 90% of the cinchona bark was produced in the then Dutch East Indies, mainly on the Pengalengan plateau near Bandung. The vast majority of the cinchona producers were members of the organization, and they were obliged to deliver all their cinchona bark to the Bureau, at prices set by the Bureau. This effectively created a Dutch-Indonesian monopoly on the production of anti-malaria medicines.
References
- ↑ "The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2004-04-23. Archived from the original on 2010-08-28.
- ↑ Goss, Andrew (2011). The Floracrats: State-Sponsored Science and the Failure of the Enlightenment in Indonesia (New perspectives in Southeast Asian studies ed.). Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780299248642.
- ↑ Tom Cassauwers (2015-12-30). "The global history of quinine, the world's first anti-malaria drug". Tom Cassauwers Blog.
- ↑ Prof. C. A. Bentley, C.I.E. "The death of Prof C. A. Bentley". Nature. 164 (1949): 1116.
- ↑ Roersch Van Der Hoogte, Arjo (June 7, 2015). "Quinine, Malaria, and the Cinchona Bureau: Marketing Practices and Knowledge Circulation in a Dutch Transoceanic Cinchona–Quinine Enterprise (1920s–30s)". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 71 (2): 197–225. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrv009. PMC 4887601 . PMID 26054829.
- ↑ Harding, Christopher; Joshua, Julian (2003). Regulating Cartels in Europe: A Study of Legal Control of Corporate Delinquency. Oxford University Press. p. 121.
- ↑ "69/240/EWG: Entscheidung der Kommission vom 16. Juli 1969 über ein Verfahren nach Artikel 85 des Vertrages (IV/26 623 - Internationales Chininkartell)". EUR-Lex . 1969-07-16. Document 31969D0240, Amtsblatt Nr. L 192 vom 5. August 1969 S. 0005 - 0022
- ↑ 150 Jahre Chininfabrik Braunschweig, S. 134–139.
- ↑ Managing Materials for a Twenty-first Century Military. 2008. doi:10.17226/12028. ISBN 978-0-309-11257-4 . Retrieved 4 March 2021.
- ↑ "Kartelle / EWG: Floh gegen Elefant". Der Spiegel . 1969-08-04.
- ↑ "Judgment of the Court of 15 July 1970. ACF Chemiefarma NV v Commission of the European Communities. Case 41-69".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ commercial register. "L'entreprise SOCIETE CHIMIQUE POINTET GIRARD SA a été fermée le 25 décembre 1986" (in French).