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The Rainbow Series (sometimes known as the Rainbow Books) is a series of computer security standards and guidelines published by the United States government in the 1980s and 1990s. They were originally published by the U.S. Department of Defense Computer Security Center, and then by the National Computer Security Center.
These standards describe a process of evaluation for trusted systems. In some cases, U.S. government entities (as well as private firms) would require formal validation of computer technology using this process as part of their procurement criteria. Many of these standards have influenced, and have been superseded by, the Common Criteria.
The books have nicknames based on the color of its cover. For example, the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria was referred to as "The Orange Book." [1] In the book entitled Applied Cryptography, security expert Bruce Schneier states of NCSC-TG-021 that he "can't even begin to describe the color of [the] cover" and that some of the books in this series have "hideously colored covers." He then goes on to describe how to receive a copy of them, saying "Don't tell them I sent you." [2]
| Document | Title | Date | Color | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5200.28-STD | DoD Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria | August 15, 1983 | Orange | |
| CSC-STD-002-85 | DoD Password Management Guideline | April 12, 1985 | Green | |
| CSC-STD-003-85 | Guidance for Applying TCSEC in Specific Environments | June 25, 1985 | Light Yellow | |
| CSC-STD-004-85 | Technical Rationale Behind CSC-STD-003-85: Computer Security Requirements | June 25, 1985 | Yellow | |
| NCSC-TG-001 | A Guide to Understanding Audit in Trusted Systems | June 1, 1988 | Tan | |
| NCSC-TG-002 | Trusted Product Security Evaluation Program | June 22, 1990 | Bright Blue | |
| NCSC-TG-003 | Discretionary Access Control in Trusted Systems | September 30, 1987 | Neon Orange | |
| NCSC-TG-004 | Glossary of Computer Security Terms | October 21, 1988 | Teal Green | |
| NCSC-TG-005 | Trusted Network Interpretation | July 31, 1987 | Red | |
| NCSC-TG-006 | Configuration Management in Trusted Systems | March 28, 1988 | Amber | |
| NCSC-TG-007 | A Guide to Understanding Design Documentation in Trusted Systems | October 6, 1988 | Burgundy | |
| NCSC-TG-008 | A Guide to Understanding Trusted Distribution in Trusted Systems | December 15, 1988 | Dark Lavender | |
| NCSC-TG-009 | Computer Security Subsystem Interpretation of the TCSEC | September 16, 1988 | Venice Blue | |
| NCSC-TG-010 | A Guide to Understanding Security Modeling in Trusted Systems | October 1992 | Aqua | |
| NCSC-TG-011 | Trusted Network Interpretation Environments Guideline (TNI) | August 1, 1990 | Red | |
| NCSC-TG-012 | Trusted Database Management System Interpretation [3] | April 1991 | ||
| NCSC-TG-013 | RAMP Program Document | 1989 | Pink | |
| NCSC-TG-013 V2 | RAMP Program Document version 2 | March 1, 1995 | Pink | |
| NCSC-TG-014 | Guidelines for Formal Verification Systems | April 1, 1989 | Purple | |
| NCSC-TG-015 | Guide to Understanding Trusted Facility Management | October 18, 1989 | Brown | |
| NCSC-TG-016 | Guidelines for Writing Trusted Facility Manuals | October 1992 | Yellow-Green | |
| NCSC-TG-017 | Identification and Authentication in Trusted Systems | September 1991 | Light Blue | |
| NCSC-TG-018 | Object Reuse in Trusted Systems | July 1992 | Light Blue | |
| NCSC-TG-019 | Trusted Product Evaluation Questionnaire | May 2, 1992 | Blue | |
| NCSC-TG-020 | Trusted UNIX Working Group (TRUSIX) Rationale for Selecting Access Control List Features for the UNIX System | July 7, 1989 | Silver | |
| NCSC-TG-020-A | Trusted UNIX Working Group (TRUSIX) Rationale for Selecting Access Control List Features for the UNIX (R) System | August 18, 1989 | Grey Silver | |
| NCSC-TG-021 | Trusted Database Management System Interpretation of the TCSEC (TDI) | April 1991 | Purple | |
| NCSC-TG-022 | Trusted Recovery in Trusted Systems | December 30, 1991 | Yellow | |
| NCSC-TG-023 | Security Testing and Test Documentation in Trusted Systems | July 1993 | Bright Orange | |
| NCSC-TG-024 Vol. 1/4 | Procurement of Trusted Systems: An Introduction to Procurement Initiators on Computer Security Requirements | December 1992 | Purple | |
| NCSC-TG-024 Vol. 2/4 | Procurement of Trusted Systems: Language for RFP Specifications and Statements of Work | June 30, 1993 | Purple | |
| NCSC-TG-024 Vol. 3/4 | Procurement of Trusted Systems: Computer Security Contract Data Requirements List and Data Item Description | February 28, 1994 | Purple | |
| NCSC-TG-024 Vol. 4/4 | Procurement of Trusted Systems: How to Evaluate a Bidder's Proposal Document | Publication TBA | Purple | |
| NCSC-TG-025 | Guide to Understanding Data Remanence in Automated Information Systems. | September 1991 | Forest Green | |
| NCSC-TG-026 | Writing the Security Features User's Guide for Trusted Systems | September 1991 | Hot Peach | |
| NCSC-TG-027 | Information System Security Officer Responsibilities for Automated Information Systems | May 1992 | Turquoise | |
| NCSC-TG-028 | Assessing Controlled Access Protection | May 25, 1992 | Violet | |
| NCSC-TG-029 | Certification and Accreditation Concepts | January 1994 | Blue | |
| NCSC-TG-030 | Covert Channel Analysis of Trusted Systems | November 1993 | Light Pink | |
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known by its original name Rijndael, is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001.
The Data Encryption Standard is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. Although its short key length of 56 bits makes it too insecure for modern applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of cryptography.
In cryptography, SHA-1 is a hash function which takes an input and produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value known as a message digest – typically rendered as 40 hexadecimal digits. It was designed by the United States National Security Agency, and is a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard. The algorithm has been cryptographically broken but is still widely used.
Bruce Schneier is an American cryptographer, computer security professional, privacy specialist, and writer. Schneier is an Adjunct Lecturer in Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School and a Fellow at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society as of November, 2013. He is a board member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Access Now, and The Tor Project; and an advisory board member of Electronic Privacy Information Center and VerifiedVoting.org. He is the author of several books on general security topics, computer security and cryptography and is a squid enthusiast.
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The Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation is an international standard for computer security certification. It is currently in version 3.1 revision 5.
Orange Book may refer to:
In computer security, a covert channel is a type of attack that creates a capability to transfer information objects between processes that are not supposed to be allowed to communicate by the computer security policy. The term, originated in 1973 by Butler Lampson, is defined as channels "not intended for information transfer at all, such as the service program's effect on system load," to distinguish it from legitimate channels that are subjected to access controls by COMPUSEC.
A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm that has special properties desirable for a cryptographic application:
Books on cryptography have been published sporadically and with highly variable quality for a long time. This is despite the tempting, though superficial, paradox that secrecy is of the essence in sending confidential messages – see Kerckhoffs' principle.
In cryptography, Skipjack is a block cipher—an algorithm for encryption—developed by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA). Initially classified, it was originally intended for use in the controversial Clipper chip. Subsequently, the algorithm was declassified.
Multilevel security or multiple levels of security (MLS) is the application of a computer system to process information with incompatible classifications, permit access by users with different security clearances and needs-to-know, and prevent users from obtaining access to information for which they lack authorization. There are two contexts for the use of multilevel security.
Password strength is a measure of the effectiveness of a password against guessing or brute-force attacks. In its usual form, it estimates how many trials an attacker who does not have direct access to the password would need, on average, to guess it correctly. The strength of a password is a function of length, complexity, and unpredictability.
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Cryptographic Module Testing Laboratory (CMTL) is an information technology (IT) computer security testing laboratory that is accredited to conduct cryptographic module evaluations for conformance to the FIPS 140-2 U.S. Government standard.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cryptography:
Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) is a United States Government Department of Defense (DoD) standard that sets basic requirements for assessing the effectiveness of computer security controls built into a computer system. The TCSEC was used to evaluate, classify, and select computer systems being considered for the processing, storage, and retrieval of sensitive or classified information.
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Security Controls for Computer Systems, commonly called the Ware report, is a 1970 text by Willis Ware that was foundational in the field of computer security.