Remote database access (RDA) is a protocol standard for database access produced in 1993 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Despite early efforts to develop proof of concept implementations of RDA for major commercial remote database management systems (RDBMSs) (including Oracle, Rdb, NonStop SQL and Teradata), [1] this standard has not found commercial support from database vendors. [2] The standard has since been withdrawn, [3] and replaced by ISO/IEC 9579:1999 - Information technology -- Remote Database Access for SQL, which has also been withdrawn, [4] and replaced by ISO/IEC 9579:2000 Information technology -- Remote database access for SQL with security enhancement. [5]
The purpose of RDA is to describe the connection of a database client to a database server. It includes features for:
RDA is an application-level protocol, inasmuch that it builds on an existing network connection between client and server. In the case of TCP/IP connections, RFC 1066 is used for implementing RDA.
RDA was published in 1993 as a combined standard of ANSI, ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). The standards definition comprises two parts:
The Open Systems Interconnection model is a conceptual model that describes the universal standard of communication functions of a telecommunication system or computing system, without any regard to the system's underlying internal technology and specific protocol suites. Therefore, the objective is the interoperability of all diverse communication systems containing standard communication protocols, through the encapsulation and de-encapsulation of data, for all networked communication. In the OSI reference model, the communications between a computing system are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
SQL is a domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS). It is particularly useful in handling structured data, i.e. data incorporating relations among entities and variables. SQL offers two main advantages over older read–write APIs such as ISAM or VSAM. Firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many records with one single command. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify how to reach a record, e.g. with or without an index.
Telnet is an application protocol used on the Internet or local area network to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication facility using a virtual terminal connection. User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an 8-bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
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The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard communication protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server to a client on a computer network. FTP is built on a client–server model architecture using separate control and data connections between the client and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves with a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. For secure transmission that protects the username and password, and encrypts the content, FTP is often secured with SSL/TLS (FTPS) or replaced with SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP).
X.500 is a series of computer networking standards covering electronic directory services. The X.500 series was developed by the Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T). ITU-T was formerly known as the Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT). X.500 was approved first in 1988. The directory services were developed to support requirements of X.400 electronic mail exchange and name lookup. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) were partners in developing the standards, incorporating them into the Open Systems Interconnection suite of protocols. ISO/IEC 9594 is the corresponding ISO/IEC identification.
An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared communications protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. An application layer abstraction is specified in both the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the OSI model. Although both models use the same term for their respective highest-level layer, the detailed definitions and purposes are different.
The Call Level Interface (CLI) is an application programming interface (API) and software standard to embed Structured Query Language (SQL) code in a host program as defined in a joint standard by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): ISO/IEC 9075-3:2003. The Call Level Interface defines how a program should send SQL queries to the database management system (DBMS) and how the returned recordsets should be handled by the application in a consistent way. Developed in the early 1990s, the API was defined only for the programming languages C and COBOL.
LonWorks or Local Operating Network is an open standard for networking platforms specifically created to address the needs of control applications. The platform is built on a protocol created by Echelon Corporation for networking devices over media such as twisted pair, powerlines, fibre optics, and RF. It is used for the automation of various functions within buildings such as lighting and HVAC; see building automation.
OpenVPN is a virtual private network (VPN) system that implements techniques to create secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections in routed or bridged configurations and remote access facilities. It implements both client and server applications.
FTAM, ISO standard 8571, is the OSI application layer protocol for file transfer, access and management.
Z39.50 is an international standard client–server, application layer communications protocol for searching and retrieving information from a database over a TCP/IP computer network, developed and maintained by the Library of Congress. It is covered by ANSI/NISO standard Z39.50, and ISO standard 23950.
The Open Systems Interconnection protocols are a family of information exchange standards developed jointly by the ISO and the ITU-T. The standardization process began in 1977.
Fieldbus is the name of a family of industrial computer networks used for real-time distributed control. Fieldbus profiles are standardized by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as IEC 61784/61158.
OPC Unified Architecture is a cross-platform, open-source, IEC62541 standard for data exchange from sensors to cloud applications developed by the OPC Foundation. Distinguishing characteristics are:
IEC 60870 part 6 in electrical engineering and power system automation, is one of the IEC 60870 set of standards which define systems used for telecontrol in electrical engineering and power system automation applications. The IEC Technical Committee 57 have developed part 6 to provide a communication profile for sending basic telecontrol messages between two systems which is compatible with ISO standards and ITU-T recommendations.
RDM Server is an embeddable, heterogeneous, client/server database management system supporting both C/C++ and SQL APIs for programming flexibility. The databases can be disk resident and/or memory resident. RDM Server implements multi-user locking, hot database backup, and a fully ACID-compliant transaction logging system with automatic crash recovery. It is currently supported on many 32- and 64-bit enterprise and embedded operating systems. The database library can optionally be run in-process with the application, eliminating client/server remote procedure calls.
Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition is a business intelligence server developed by Oracle. It includes advanced business intelligence tools built upon a unified architecture. The server provides centralized data access to all business related information in a corporate entity. It integrates data via sophisticated capabilities from multiple sources.
Universal Remote Console (URC) is a standard for defining alternative user interfaces for devices that can be used remotely. In the vocabulary of URC, the remote devices are called "controllers", while the devices they control are called "targets". The controller presents a user interface for the target that can be an alternative in various respects: the user interface language, its ease of use, its accessibility to persons with disabilities, etc. Since user interfaces in different devices or products ("targets") can vary a lot, Universal Remote Console would enable a user to control these products through a single device; this single device would present interfaces that are adapted to the user's needs. The communication between a target and a controller typically uses a wireless protocol; the URC standard does not restrict which protocols can be used. For example, the "Universal Remote Console on HTTP" (URC-HTTP) protocol is a protocol that can be implemented by servers that are compliant with UPnP RemoteUI (CEA-2014).
RDA, even after revision to remove the OSI dependencies (and replace them with a TCP/IP orientation), has not proven to have commercial support.