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How and when horses became domesticated has been disputed. Although horses appeared in Paleolithic cave art as early as 30,000 BC, these were wild horses and were probably hunted for meat. The clearest evidence of early use of the horse as a means of transport is from chariot burials dated c. 2000 BC. However, an increasing amount of evidence began to support the hypothesis that horses were domesticated in the Eurasian Steppes in approximately 3500 BC. Discoveries in the context of the Botai culture had suggested that Botai settlements in the Akmola Province of Kazakhstan are the location of the earliest domestication of the horse. Warmouth et al. (2012) pointed to horses having been domesticated around 3000 BC in what is now Ukraine and Western Kazakhstan.
Human history is the record of humankind from prehistory to the present. Modern humans evolved in Africa around 300,000 years ago and initially lived as hunter-gatherers. They migrated out of Africa during the Last Ice Age and had populated most of the Earth by the end of the Ice Age 12,000 years ago. Soon afterward, the Neolithic Revolution in West Asia brought the first systematic husbandry of plants and animals, and saw many humans transition from a nomadic life to a sedentary existence as farmers in permanent settlements. The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing.
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Yaʽfūr was a donkey used as a mount by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who was said to have often ridden it without harness. There are many tales of this donkey but the most common would be that the donkey is recorded to have been a gift from the Byzantine governor of Egypt some time between 628 and 632 AD. According to a Shi'ite Islamic tradition, it had the power of speech and told Muhammad that it was the last of a line of donkeys ridden by prophets and was a descendant of the donkey ridden by Jesus in his triumphal entry into Jerusalem, which was also called Yaʽfūr. The tradition holds that Yaʽfūr committed suicide in despair after Muhammad died by throwing itself into a well, though these accounts are held to be unreliable in hadith studies. In the centuries after Muhammad's death, the donkey's name and symbolism was repeatedly adopted by Islamic religious figures and rulers.
The wild Bactrian camel is an endangered species of camel endemic to Northwest China and southwestern Mongolia. It is closely related but not ancestral to the domestic Bactrian camel. Genetic studies have established it as a separate species which diverged from the Bactrian camel about 0.7–1.1 million years ago.
References
- ↑ "Bulliet, Richard". Department of History - Columbia University. 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
- ↑ Bulliet, Richard W. (1975). The camel and the wheel. Internet Archive. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-09130-6.
- ↑ "Deep Historical Perspectives: Hunters, Herders, and Hamburgers, a Virginia Tech student review". 3 February 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
- ↑ "Bulliet Juggles Controversy, Comic Books [on Richard Bulliet]". Middle East Forum. 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
- ↑ "Time to End US Fear of the Muslim Brotherhood". The Guardian. February 3, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
- ↑ "With or Without Mubarak, the Generals Flourish". The New York Times International Edition . February 12, 2011.
- ↑ SZ, 4.6.2004, "Whose Theocracy?"
- ↑ Bulliet, Richard. "PAGES FROM A MEMOIR—WHAT I'VE PUBLISHED".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ "In the Eye of the Storm". Columbia Magazine. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
- ↑ "Bulliet Juggles Controversy, Comic Books [on Richard Bulliet]". Middle East Forum. 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
- 1 2 "Columbia University Faculty CV" . Retrieved December 21, 2019.
