Richard Christian Carl Linsert (17 November 1899 – 3 February 1933) was a German sexologist, psychologist and activist.
Richard Christian Carl Linsert (17 November 1899 – 3 February 1933) was a German sexologist, psychologist and activist.
Richard Linsert was born in to the family of a middle-class businessman. After graduating from commercial school he became a member of the Communist Party of Germany. He was an active member of the KPD's intelligence service AM-Apart. [1]
At the age of 22, he became involved in establishing a homosexual association in Munich, a local branch of the “German Friendship Association - Association for Human Rights”. However, it failed due to the repressive attitude of the Bavarian authorities towards the association. In Munich he met and befriended Kurt Hiller, who gave him a job as an assistant secretary in Magnus Hirschfeld's Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (WhK). [2] From 1926 he was secretary of the Scientific and Humanitarian Committee. He became an expert in sexual science topics and wrote the counter-draft to the draft sexual criminal law of 1927. [3] It was thanks to Linsert's commitment to sexual politics that the KPD is the only political party in the Weimar Republic to share the WhK's demand for the abolition of Paragraph 175. [4]
In December 1929, Linsert left the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee and founded the Archive for Sexual Science with the doctors Max Hodann, Bernd Götz and the lawyer Fritz Flato, but it hardly achieved any great importance. [4] Nevertheless, in 1929 and 1930 he wrote books about contraception and aphrodisiacs together with Magnus Hirschfeld. He also published an anthology on male prostitution in 1929. In 1931, Linsert published a Monograph Kabale und Liebe. Peter Limann, the second secretary of the Scientific and Humanitarian Committee, was considered his life partner. [5]
Linsert died in February 1933 of delayed pneumonia in the Stubenrauch Hospital in Berlin-Lichterfelde
Magnus T. Hirschfeld was a Jewish German physician and sexologist, whose citizenship was later revoked by the Nazi government. Hirschfeld was educated in philosophy, philology and medicine. An outspoken advocate for sexual minorities, Hirschfeld founded the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee and World League for Sexual Reform. He based his practice in Berlin-Charlottenburg during the Weimar period. Performance Studies and Rhetoric Professor Dustin Goltz characterized the committee as having carried out "the first advocacy for homosexual and transgender rights".
Paragraph 175 was a provision of the German Criminal Code from 15 May 1871 to 10 March 1994. It made sexual relations between males a crime, and in early revisions the provision also criminalized bestiality as well as forms of prostitution and underage sexual abuse. Overall, around 140,000 men were convicted under the law. The law had always been controversial and inspired the first homosexual movement, which called for its repeal.
Hans Magnus Enzensberger was a German author, poet, translator, and editor. He also wrote under the pseudonyms Andreas Thalmayr, Elisabeth Ambras, Linda Quilt and Giorgio Pellizzi. Enzensberger was regarded as one of the literary founding figures of the Federal Republic of Germany and wrote more than 70 books, with works translated into 40 languages. He was one of the leading authors in Group 47, and influenced the 1968 West German student movement. He was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize and the Pour le Mérite, among many others.
The Institut für Sexualwissenschaft was an early private sexology research institute in Germany from 1919 to 1933. The name is variously translated as Institute for Sexual Research, Institute of Sexology, Institute for Sexology, or Institute for the Science of Sexuality. The Institute was a non-profit foundation situated in Tiergarten, Berlin. It was the first sexology research center in the world.
The Scientific-Humanitarian Committee was founded by Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlin in May 1897, to campaign for social recognition of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people, and against their legal persecution. It was the first LGBT rights organization in history. The motto of the organization was "Per scientiam ad justitiam", and the committee included representatives from various professions. The committee's membership peaked at about 700 people. In 1929, Kurt Hiller took over as chairman of the group from Hirschfeld. At its peak, the WhK had branches in approximately 25 cities in Germany, Austria and the Netherlands.
Albert Moll was a neurologist, psychologist, sexologist, and ethicist. Alongside Iwan Bloch and Magnus Hirschfeld, he is considered the founder of medical psychology and sexology. Although Moll was a pioneer of sexology, his contemporaries such as Magnus Hirschfeld and Sigmund Freud eclipsed his work, primarily due to the bitter rivalry between them. Moll accused Freud of selection bias, and Freud claimed Moll could not handle constructive criticism after their first meeting.
Kurt Hiller was a German essayist, lawyer, and expressionist poet. He was also a political journalist.
Ernst Otto Burchard was a German physician, sexologist, and gay rights advocate and author. Burchard, who was gay, testified as an expert witness in several court cases involving prosecutions on grounds of Paragraph 175, which criminalized homosexual practices.
Benedict Friedlaender was a German Jewish sexologist, sociologist, economist, volcanologist, and physicist.
Karl Markus Michel was a German writer.
The Rote Hilfe was the German affiliate of the International Red Aid. The Rote Hilfe was affiliated with the Communist Party of Germany and existed between 1924 and 1936. Its purpose was to provide help to those Communists who had been jailed or were imprisoned.
This is a list of events in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and Intersex (LGBTQ+) history in Germany.
The World League for Sexual Reform was a League for coordinating policy reforms related to greater openness around sex. The initial groundwork for the organisation, including a congress in Berlin which was later counted as the organisation's first, was orchestrated by Magnus Hirschfeld in 1921. It officially came into being at a congress in Copenhagen in 1928.
Karl-Günther Heimsoth, also known as Karl-Guenter Heimsoth, was a German physician, polygraph, and politician. Heimsoth was a member of the Nazi Party and later the Communist Party of Germany.
Hermann Freiherr von Teschenberg was an Austrian barrister, translator, and an LGBT rights activist.
Das Volksrecht was a left-wing newspaper published from Offenbach am Main, Weimar Germany between 1925 and 1933. Initially it was an irregular publication of the communist city council group, but in 1928 it became a local mouthpiece of the Right Opposition. It was published on a weekly basis until the National Socialist takeover in 1933.
The Yearbook for Intermediate Sexual Types was an annual publication of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, an early LGBT rights organization founded by German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld in 1897. The periodical featured articles on scientific, literary, and political topics related to sexual and gender minorities. It was published regularly from 1899 to 1923 and more sporadically until 1933.
Rudolf Klimmer was a German psychologist and sexologist who was an early gay activist, most notable for his work in the German Democratic Republic.
Ludwig Levy-Lenz was a German doctor of medicine and a sexual reformer, known for performing some of the first sex reassignment surgeries for patients of the Hirschfeld institute.
The first homosexual movement was a socio-political confluence in Germany criticizing Paragraph 175, the 1871 criminalization of sex between men. German writers coined the word homosexual, while the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee was founded in 1897 by Magnus Hirschfeld to improve public tolerance of homosexuality and repeal Paragraph 175. The movement was restricted to an educated elite during the German Empire, but greatly expanded in the aftermath of World War I and the German Revolution.
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