Risk Management Framework

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RMF 7 step process Risk Management Framework RMF Rev. 2.png
RMF 7 step process

The Risk Management Framework (RMF) is a United States federal government guideline, standard, and process for managing risk to help secure information systems (computers and networks). The RMF was developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and provides a structured process that integrates information security, privacy, and risk management activities into the system development life cycle. [1] [2] The RMF is an important aspect of a systems attainment of its Authority to Operate (ATO).

Contents

Overview

The primary document outlining the RMF is NIST Special Publication 800-37. [1] [3] The RMF steps link to several other NIST standards and guidelines, including NIST Special Publication 800-53.

The RMF process includes the following steps:

History

The Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (FISMA 2002) was enacted to safeguard U.S. economic and national security through improved information security. [11]

Congress later passed the Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014 (FISMA 2014) to enhance the original legislation by granting the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) greater authority over federal information security and defining the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) duties in managing federal agency information security practices. [12]

FISMA mandates the protection of information and information systems against unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and availability. [13] Title III of FISMA 2002 tasked NIST with developing information security and risk management standards, guidelines, and requirements. [6] [7] [8] [9]

The RMF, outlined in NIST Special Publication 800-37 and first published in February 2010, is designed to help organizations manage cybersecurity risks and comply with various U.S. laws and regulations, including the Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014, the Privacy Act of 1974, and Federal Information Processing Standards, among others. [1] In December 2019, revision 2 of the NIST Special Publication 800-37 was published, introducing a Prepare step to the overall process.

Risks

Throughout its lifecycle, an information system will face various types of risk that can impact its security posture. The RMF process aids in the early identification and resolution of these risks. Broadly, risks can be classified as infrastructure, project, application, information asset, business continuity, outsourcing, external, and strategic risks. Infrastructure risks pertain to the reliability of computers and networks, while project risks involve budgeting, timelines, and system quality. Application risks relate to system performance and capacity. Information asset risks concern the potential loss or unauthorized disclosure of data. Business continuity risks focus on maintaining system reliability and uptime. Outsourcing risks involve the impact of third-party service providers on the system. [14]

External risks are factors beyond the information system's control that can impact the system's security. Strategic risks are associated with the need for information system functions to align with the business strategy that the system supports. [15]

Revision 2 updates

The key objectives for the update to RMF Revision 2 included the following: [16]

Revision 2 also introduced a new "Prepare" step (step 0) to enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of the security and privacy risk management processes. [16]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Joint Task Force (December 2018), SP 800-37 Rev. 2 - Risk Management Framework for Information Systems and Organizations: A System Life Cycle Approach for Security and Privacy, NIST, doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-37r2
  2. 1 2 3 4 Joint Task Force (September 2020), SP 800-53 Rev. 5 - Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations, NIST, doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-53r5
  3. Joint Task Force (February 2010), SP 800-37 Rev. 1 - Guide for Applying the Risk Management Framework to Federal Information Systems: A Security Life Cycle Approach, NIST, doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-37r1
  4. Joint Task Force Transformation Initiative (September 2012), SP 800-30 Rev. 1 - Guide for Conducting Risk Assessments, NIST, doi: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30r1
  5. 1 2 Dempsey, Kelley; Chawla, Nirali; Johnson, L.; Johnston, Ronald; Jones, Alicia; Orebaugh, Angela; Scholl, Matthew; Stine, Kevin (September 2011), SP 800-137 - Information Security Continuous Monitoring (ISCM) for Federal Information Systems and Organizations, NIST, doi: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-137
  6. 1 2 Stine, Kevin; Kissel, Richard; Barker, William; Fahlsing, Jim; Gulick, Jessica (August 2008), SP 800-60 Vol. 1 Rev. 1 - Guide for Mapping Types of Information and Information Systems to Security Categories, NIST, doi: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-60v1r1
  7. 1 2 Stine, Kevin; Kissel, Richard; Barker, William; Lee, Annabelle; Fahlsing, Jim (August 2008), SP 800-60 Vol. 2 Rev. 1 - Guide for Mapping Types of Information and Information Systems to Security Categories: Appendices, NIST, doi: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-60v2r1
  8. 1 2 NIST (February 2004), FIPS 199 - Standards for Security Categorization of Federal Information and Information Systems, doi:10.6028/NIST.FIPS.199
  9. 1 2 NIST (March 2006), FIPS 200 - Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and Information Systems, doi:10.6028/NIST.FIPS.200
  10. Joint Task Force (January 2022), SP 800-53A Rev. 5 - Assessing Security and Privacy Controls in Information Systems and Organizations, NIST, doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-53Ar5
  11. Pub. L.   107–347 (text) (PDF)
  12. "Federal Information Security Modernization Act". CISA . Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  13. Pub. L.   113–283 (text) (PDF)
  14. Samejima, M.; Yajima, H. (2012). IT risk management framework for business continuity by change analysis of information system. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC). pp. 1670–1674. doi:10.1109/ICSMC.2012.6377977.
  15. Ji, Zhigang (2009). An empirical study on the risk framework based on the enterprise information system. 2009 International Conference on Future BioMedical Information Engineering (FBIE). pp. 187–190. doi:10.1109/FBIE.2009.5405879.
  16. 1 2 Computer Security Division, Information Technology Laboratory (2018-12-18). "RMF Update: NIST Publishes SP 800-37 Rev. 2 | CSRC". CSRC | NIST. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
  17. Ross, Ron; McEvilley, Michael; Winstead, Mark (November 2022), SP 800-160 Vol. 1 Rev. 1 - Engineering Trustworthy Secure Systems, doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-160v1r1