Related Research Articles
The Chickasaw are an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, United States. Their traditional territory was in northern Mississippi, northwestern and northern Alabama, western Tennessee and southwestern Kentucky. Their language is classified as a member of the Muskogean language family. In the present day, they are organized as the federally recognized Chickasaw Nation.
Muskogean is a Native American language family spoken in different areas of the Southeastern United States. Though the debate concerning their interrelationships is ongoing, the Muskogean languages are generally divided into two branches, Eastern Muskogean and Western Muskogean. Typologically, Muskogean languages are agglutinative. One documented language, Apalachee, is extinct and the remaining languages are critically endangered.
The Mississippian culture was a Native American civilization that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 to 1600, varying regionally. It was known for building large, earthen platform mounds, and often other shaped mounds as well. It was composed of a series of urban settlements and satellite villages linked together by loose trading networks. The largest city was Cahokia, believed to be a major religious center located in what is present-day southern Illinois.
The Yamasee War was a conflict fought in South Carolina from 1715 to 1717 between British settlers from the Province of Carolina and the Yamasee, who were supported by a number of allied Native American peoples, including the Muscogee, Cherokee, Catawba, Apalachee, Apalachicola, Yuchi, Savannah River Shawnee, Congaree, Waxhaw, Pee Dee, Cape Fear, Cheraw, and others. Some of the Native American groups played a minor role, while others launched attacks throughout South Carolina in an attempt to destroy the colony.
The Yamasees were a multiethnic confederation of Native Americans who lived in the coastal region of present-day northern coastal Georgia near the Savannah River and later in northeastern Florida. The Yamasees engaged in revolts and wars with other native groups and Europeans living in North America, specifically from Florida to North Carolina.
The Coosa chiefdom was a powerful Native American paramount chiefdom in what are now Gordon and Murray counties in Georgia, in the United States. It was inhabited from about 1400 until about 1600, and dominated several smaller chiefdoms. The total population of Coosa's area of influence, reaching into present-day Tennessee and Alabama, has been estimated at 50,000.
Chunkey is a game of Native American origin. It was played by rolling disc-shaped stones across the ground and throwing spears at them in an attempt to land the spear as close to the stopped stone as possible. It originated around 600 CE in the Cahokia region of what is now the United States. Chunkey was played in huge arenas as large as 47 acres that housed great audiences designed to bring people of the region together. It continued to be played after the fall of the Mississippian culture around 1500 CE. Variations were played throughout North America. Early ethnographer James Adair translated the name to mean "running hard labor". Gambling was frequently connected with the game, with some players wagering everything they owned on the outcome of the game. Losers were even known to commit suicide.
The Taensa were a Native American people whose settlements at the time of European contact in the late 17th century were located in present-day Tensas Parish, Louisiana. The meaning of the name, which has the further spelling variants of Taenso, Tinsas, Tenza or Tinza, Tahensa or Takensa, and Tenisaw, is unknown. It is believed to be an autonym. The Taensa should not be confused with the Avoyel, known by the French as the petits Taensas, who were mentioned in writings by explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville in 1699. The Taensa are more closely related to the Natchez people and both are considered descendants of the late prehistoric Plaquemine culture.
The Chickasaw Nation is a federally recognized Native American tribe with headquarters in Ada, Oklahoma, in the United States. They are an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, originally from northern Mississippi, northwestern Alabama, southwestern Kentucky, and western Tennessee. Today, the Chickasaw Nation is the 13th largest tribe in the United States.
The Westo were an Iroquoian Native American tribe encountered in what became the Southeastern U.S. by Europeans in the 17th century. They probably spoke an Iroquoian language. The Spanish called these people Chichimeco, and Virginia colonists may have called the same people Richahecrian. Their first appearance in the historical record is as a powerful tribe in colonial Virginia who had migrated from the mountains into the region around present-day Richmond. Their population provided a force of 700–900 warriors.
Charles Melvin Hudson Jr. (1932–2013) was an anthropologist, a professor of anthropology and history at the University of Georgia. He was a leading scholar on the history and culture of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands of the present-day United States. He is known for his book mapping the expedition of Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in the mid-16th century in the Southeast, based on both the expedition's records and sites identified through archeology and anthropology.
Thomas Pluckhahn is an assistant professor of the Department of Anthropology at the University of South Florida. His areas of specialization in the field of anthropology include Eastern United States Prehistory, Mesoamerican Prehistory, Cultural Resource Management, Settlement Pattern Studies, Archaeology of Households, Environmental Anthropology, Ceramic Analysis, and GIS Applications for Anthropology.
Slavery among Native Americans in the United States includes slavery by and enslavement of Native Americans roughly within what is currently the United States of America.
The Jere Shine site (1MT6) is an archaeological site on the Tallapoosa River near its confluence with the Coosa River in modern Montgomery County, Alabama. Based on comparison of archaeological remains and pottery styles, scholars believe that it was most likely occupied from 1400–1550 CE by people of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture.
The siege of Pensacola included two separate attempts in 1707 by English-supported Creek Indians to capture the town and fortress of Pensacola, one of two major settlements in Spanish Florida.
Native Americans living in the American Southeast were enslaved through warfare and purchased by European colonists in North America throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, as well as held in captivity through Spanish-organized forced labor systems in Florida. Emerging British colonies in Virginia, Carolina, and Georgia imported Native Americans and incorporated them into chattel slavery systems, where they intermixed with slaves of African descent, who would eventually come to outnumber them. The settlers' demand for slaves affected communities as far west as present-day Illinois and the Mississippi River and as far south as the Gulf Coast. European settlers exported tens of thousands of enslaved Native Americans outside the region to New England and the Caribbean.
The Tomahittan were Native Americans whom Virginians James Needham and Gabriel Arthur tried to contact to bypass the taxes of the Occaneechi "middlemen" natives.
The Mougoulacha were a Native American tribe that lived near Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana.
The Mississippian shatter zone describes the period from 1540 to 1730 in the southeastern part of the present United States. During that time, the interaction between European explorers and colonists transformed the Native American cultures of that region. In 1540 dozens of chiefdoms and several paramount chiefdoms were scattered throughout the southeast. Chiefdoms featured a noble class ruling a large number of commoners and were characterized by villages and towns with large earthen mounds and complex religious practices. Some chiefdoms, known as paramount chieftains, ruled or influenced large areas. The chiefdoms were ravaged by the de Soto and other Spanish exploratory missions in the 1540s through the 1560s and their decline began.
References
- 1 2 3 "Robbie Ethridge". olemiss.edu. University of Mississippi. 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ↑ "Ethridge winner of memorial award". The Clarion-Ledger . January 13, 2000. p. 29. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Professor Ethridge Wins Southern Anthropological Society Award". olemiss.edu. University of Mississippi. 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ↑ Henry, Edward R. (2021). "The Historical Turn in Southeastern Archaeology" (PDF). Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology . 46. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ↑ Reviews for From Chicaza to Chickasaw:
- Meuwese, Mark (2016). "From Chicaza to Chickasaw: the European invasion and the transformation of the Mississippian world, 1540–1715". Settler Colonial Studies . 6 (4): 446–448. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2015.1093922. ISSN 2201-473X. S2CID 163761479.
- Revels, Craig S.; Ethridge, Robbie (2012). "Review of From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540–1715, EthridgeRobbie". Southeastern Geographer . 52 (4): 445–447. ISSN 0038-366X. JSTOR 26229038.
- Rand, Jacki Thompson (2013). "Review of From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformations of the Mississippian World, 1540–1715". Journal of American Ethnic History . 32 (2): 149–150. doi:10.5406/jamerethnhist.32.2.0149. ISSN 0278-5927. JSTOR 10.5406/jamerethnhist.32.2.0149.
- Rodning, Christopher B. (Winter 2011). "From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World". Southeastern Archaeology . 30 (2): 417–418. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Carpenter, Roger M. (Autumn 2012). "From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715". Canadian Journal of History . 47 (2): 448–450. doi:10.3138/cjh.47.2.448 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Fausz, J. Frederick (Summer 2012). "From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715". Ethnohistory . 59 (3): 656–657. doi:10.1215/00141801-1587577 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Richter, Daniel K. (December 2011). "From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715". The American Historical Review . 116 (5): 1480. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Mitchem, Jeffrey M. (Summer 2012). "From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715". Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 43 (1): 115. doi:10.1162/JINH_r_00317. S2CID 195826736 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Kasee, C. R. (October 2011). "From Chicaza to Chickasaw: the European invasion and the transformation of the Mississippian world, 1540-1715". Choice Reviews . 49 (2): 379. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Bauer, Brooke M. (April 2012). "From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715". Alabama Review . 65 (2): 139–141. doi:10.1353/ala.2012.0016. S2CID 161597948 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Sabo, George (May 2012). "From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715". The Journal of Southern History . 78 (2): 426–427. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Peregrine, Peter N. (2012). "From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715". American Indian Culture and Research Journal . 36 (3): 155. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Ellisor, John T. (September 2011). "From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715". The Journal of American History . 98 (2): 501–502. doi:10.1093/jahist/jar270 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Bossy, Denise Ileana (October 2014). "From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715/Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South/Zamumo's Gifts: Indian-European Exchange in the Colonial Southeast/An Empire of Small Places: Mapping the Southeastern Anglo-Indian Trade, 1732-1795/Okfuskee: A Creek Indian Town in Colonial America". The William and Mary Quarterly . 71 (4): 611. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- ↑ Reviews for Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone:
- Nelson, Lynn A. (October 2010). "Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South". The American Historical Review . 115 (4): 1140. doi:10.1086/ahr.115.4.1140 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Hall, Joseph (November 2011). "Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South". The Journal of Southern History . 77 (4): 898–900. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Oakley, Christopher Arris (2010). "Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South". American Indian Culture and Research Journal . 34 (3): 158. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Hahn, Steven C. (Fall 2010). "Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South". Ethnohistory . 57 (4): 751–754. doi:10.1215/00141801-2010-049 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Kasee, C. R. (August 2010). "Mapping the Mississippian shatter zone: the Colonial Indian slave trade and regional instability in the American South". Choice Reviews . 47 (12): 2397. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Bossy, Denise Ileana (October 2014). "From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715/Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South/Zamumo's Gifts: Indian-European Exchange in the Colonial Southeast/An Empire of Small Places: Mapping the Southeastern Anglo-Indian Trade, 1732-1795/Okfuskee: A Creek Indian Town in Colonial America". The William and Mary Quarterly . 71 (4): 611. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- ↑ Reviews for Light on the Path:
- Frank, Andrew K. (Summer 2007). "Light on the Path: The Anthropology and History of the Southeastern Indians". Ethnohistory . 54 (3): 562–564. doi:10.1215/00141801-2007-011 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Peebles, Christopher (Spring 2008). "Light on the Path: The Anthropology and History of the Southeastern Indians". Journal of Anthropological Research . 64 (1): 116. doi:10.1086/jar.64.1.20371196 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Gougeon, Ramie A. (Winter 2006). "Light on the Path: The Anthropology and History of the Southeastern Indians". Southeastern Archaeology . 25 (2): 330. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Piker, Joshua (July 2006). "Light on the Path: The Anthropology and History of the Southeastern Indians". Alabama Review . 59 (3): 221–222. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Hauptman, Laurence M. (Winter 2007). "Light on the Path: The Anthropology and History of the Southeastern Indians". Journal of the Early Republic . 27 (4): 774–777. doi:10.1353/jer.2007.0070. S2CID 143918586 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- O'Brien, Greg (November 2007). "Light on the Path: The Anthropology and History of the Southeastern Indians". The Journal of Southern History . 73 (4): 867–868. doi:10.2307/27649571. JSTOR 27649571 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- ↑ Reviews for Creek Country:
- Carson, James Taylor (2006). "Review of Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World, Ethridge Robbie; Totkv Mocvse/New Fire: Creek Folktales by Earnest Gouge, Martin Jack B., Mauldin Margaret McKane, McGirt Juanita, Womack Craig". The Mississippi Quarterly . 60 (1): 223–226. ISSN 0026-637X. JSTOR 26467050.
- Oakley, Christopher Arris (2005). "Review of Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World". The Journal of Southern History . 71 (2): 433–434. doi: 10.2307/27648749 . ISSN 0022-4642. JSTOR 27648749.
- Sleeper-Smith, Susan (September 2004). "The Frontier Exchange Economy of Creek Country". Reviews in American History . 32 (3): 374–379. doi:10.1353/rah.2004.0039. S2CID 153348055 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Hofstra, Warren R. (July 2004). "Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World". Environmental History . 9 (3): 556–558. doi:10.2307/3985790. JSTOR 3985790 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Espenshade, Christopher T. (Winter 2005). "Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World". Southeastern Archaeology . 24 (2): 233. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Gallay, Alan (Winter 2005). "Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World". Journal of the Early Republic . 25 (4): 674–677. doi:10.1353/jer.2005.0074. S2CID 144468584 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Young, Mary E. (March 2005). "Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World". The Journal of American History . 91 (4): 1443–1444. doi:10.2307/3660208. JSTOR 3660208 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Calloway, Colin G. (Summer 2005). "Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World". The Historian . 67 (2): 315–316. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Jensen, Ove (January 2005). "Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World". Alabama Review . 58 (1): 49–50. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Galloway, Patricia (Fall 2006). "Lineages and Genealogies: Four Recent Books about Creek Indians". Ethnohistory . 53 (4): 753–764. doi:10.1215/00141801-2006-021 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- ↑ Reviews for The Transformation of the Southeastern Indians:
- Shoemaker, Nancy (March 2003). "The Transformation of the Southeastern Indians, 1540-1760". The Journal of American History . 89 (4): 1498–1499. doi:10.2307/3092558. JSTOR 3092558 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Oatis, Steven (Summer 2003). "The Transformation of the Southeastern Indians, 1540-1760". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly . 62 (2): 207. doi:10.2307/40023238. JSTOR 40023238 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- O'Brien, Greg (August 2003). "The Transformation of the Southeastern Indians, 1540-1760". The Journal of Southern History . 69 (3): 667. doi:10.2307/30040019. JSTOR 30040019 . Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
- Jackson, Jason Baird (2003). "The Transformation of the Southeastern Indians, 1540-1760". American Indian Culture and Research Journal . 27 (1): 172–174. Retrieved January 13, 2022– via ProQuest.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Other | |
