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Endodontics is the dental specialty concerned with the study and treatment of the dental pulp.
The periodontal ligament, commonly abbreviated as the PDL, are a group of specialized connective tissue fibers that essentially attach a tooth to the alveolar bone within which they sit. It inserts into root cementum on one side and onto alveolar bone on the other.
Gingival recession, also known as gum recession and receding gums, is the exposure in the roots of the teeth caused by a loss of gum tissue and/or retraction of the gingival margin from the crown of the teeth. Gum recession is a common problem in adults over the age of 40, but it may also occur starting in adolescence, or around the age of 10. It may exist with or without concomitant decrease in crown-to-root ratio. 85% of the world population has gingival recession on at least one tooth with denuded root surface ≥1.0 mm.
Dens invaginatus (DI), also known as tooth within a tooth, is a rare dental malformation and a developmental anomaly where there is an infolding of enamel into dentin. The prevalence of this condition is 0.3 - 10%, affecting males more frequently than females. The condition presents in two forms, coronal involving tooth crown and radicular involving tooth root, with the former being more common.
Dentin dysplasia (DD) is a rare genetic developmental disorder affecting dentine production of the teeth, commonly exhibiting an autosomal dominant inheritance that causes malformation of the root. It affects both primary and permanent dentitions in approximately 1 in every 100,000 patients. It is characterized by the presence of normal enamel but atypical dentin with abnormal pulpal morphology. Witkop in 1972 classified DD into two types which are Type I (DD-1) is the radicular type, and type II (DD-2) is the coronal type. DD-1 has been further divided into 4 different subtypes (DD-1a,1b,1c,1d) based on the radiographic features.
Crown lengthening is a surgical procedure performed by a dentist, or more frequently a periodontist, where more tooth is exposed by removing some of the gingival margin (gum) and supporting bone. Crown lengthening can also be achieved orthodontically by extruding the tooth.
Root canal treatment is a treatment sequence for the infected pulp of a tooth that is intended to result in the elimination of infection and the protection of the decontaminated tooth from future microbial invasion. Root canals, and their associated pulp chamber, are the physical hollows within a tooth that are naturally inhabited by nerve tissue, blood vessels and other cellular entities.
Resorption of the root of the tooth, or root resorption, is the progressive loss of dentin and cementum by the action of odontoclasts. Root resorption is a normal physiological process that occurs in the exfoliation of the primary dentition. However, pathological root resorption occurs in the permanent or secondary dentition and sometimes in the primary dentition.
Cracked tooth syndrome (CTS) is where a tooth has incompletely cracked but no part of the tooth has yet broken off. Sometimes it is described as a greenstick fracture. The symptoms are very variable, making it a notoriously difficult condition to diagnose.
Pulp necrosis is a clinical diagnostic category indicating the death of cells and tissues in the pulp chamber of a tooth with or without bacterial invasion. It is often the result of many cases of dental trauma, caries and irreversible pulpitis.
Dental trauma refers to trauma (injury) to the teeth and/or periodontium, and nearby soft tissues such as the lips, tongue, etc. The study of dental trauma is called dental traumatology.
Dental avulsion is the complete displacement of a tooth from its socket in alveolar bone owing to trauma, such as can be caused by a fall, road traffic accident, assault, sports, or occupational injury. Typically, a tooth is held in place by the periodontal ligament, which becomes torn when the tooth is knocked out.
Regenerative endodontic procedures is defined as biologically based procedures designed to replace damaged structures such as dentin, root structures, and cells of the pulp-dentin complex. This new treatment modality aims to promote normal function of the pulp. It has become an alternative to heal apical periodontitis. Regenerative endodontics is the extension of root canal therapy. Conventional root canal therapy cleans and fills the pulp chamber with biologically inert material after destruction of the pulp due to dental caries, congenital deformity or trauma. Regenerative endodontics instead seeks to replace live tissue in the pulp chamber. The ultimate goal of regenerative endodontic procedures is to regenerate the tissues and the normal function of the dentin-pulp complex.
Tooth mobility is the horizontal or vertical displacement of a tooth beyond its normal physiological boundaries around the gingival (gum) area, i.e. the medical term for a loose tooth.
Tooth ankylosis refers to a fusion between a tooth and underlying bony support tissues. In some species, this is a normal process that occurs during the formation or maintenance of the dentition. By contrast, in humans tooth ankylosis is pathological, whereby a fusion between alveolar bone and the cementum of a tooth occurs.
An endodontic crown or endocrown is a single prostheses fabricated from reinforced ceramics, indicated for endodontically treated molar teeth that have significant loss of coronal structure. Endocrowns are formed from a monoblock containing the coronal portion invaded in the apical projection that fills the pulp chamber space, and possibly the root canal entrances; they have the advantage of removing lower amounts of sound tissue compared to other techniques, and with much lower chair time needed. They are luted to the tooth structure by an adhesive material. The ceramic can be milled using computer-aided techniques or molded under pressure. Endocrowns can be an alternative to conventional crown restorations.
An enamel fracture is when the outermost layer of the tooth is cracked, without damaging the inner layers including the dentine or pulp. This can happen from trauma such as a fall where the teeth are impacted by a hard object causing a chip to occur.
Dental intrusion is an apical displacement of the tooth into the alveolar bone. This injury is accompanied by extensive damage to periodontal ligament, cementum, disruption of the neurovascular supply to the pulp, and communication or fracture of the alveolar socket.
Tooth replantation is a form of restorative dentistry in which an avulsed or luxated tooth is reinserted and secured into its socket through a combination of dental procedures. The purposes of tooth replantation is to resolve tooth loss and preserve the natural landscape of the teeth. Whilst variations of the procedure exist including, Allotransplantation, where a tooth is transferred from one individual to another individual of the same species. It is a largely defunct practice due to the improvements made within the field of dentistry and due to the risks and complications involved including the transmission of diseases such as syphilis, histocompatibility, as well as the low success rate of the procedure, has resulted in its practice being largely abandoned. Autotransplantation, otherwise known as intentional replantation in dentistry, is defined as the surgical movement of a tooth from one site on an individual to another location in the same individual. While rare, modern dentistry uses replantation as a form of proactive care to prevent future complications and protect the natural dentition in cases where root canal and surgical endodontic treatments are problematic. In the modern context, tooth replantation most often refers to reattachment of an avulsed or luxated permanent tooth into its original socket.
Apexification is a method of dental treatment to induce a calcific barrier in a root with incomplete formation or open apex of a tooth with necrotic pulp. Pulpal involvement usually occurs as a consequence of trauma or caries involvement of young or immature permanent teeth. As a sequelae of untreated pulp involvement, loss of pulp vitality or necrotic pulp took place for the involved teeth.
References
- ↑ Principles of operative dentistry. Qualtrough, A. J. E. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub. 2005. pp. 83, 90. ISBN 9781405118217. OCLC 56956075.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - 1 2 "root-fracture". www.dentalcare.com. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Moule AJ, Kahler B (June 1999). "Diagnosis and management of teeth with vertical root fractures". Australian Dental Journal. 44 (2): 75–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.1999.tb00205.x . PMID 10452161.
- ↑ Khasnis SA, Kidiyoor KH, Patil AB, Kenganal SB (March 2014). "Vertical root fractures and their management". Journal of Conservative Dentistry. 17 (2): 103–10. doi: 10.4103/0972-0707.128034 . PMC 4001262 . PMID 24778502.
- 1 2 Churlinov, Mil. "Horizontal root fracture in permanent dentition: double case report" (PDF). Retrieved 24 March 2019.
- 1 2 Hovland, E. J. (April 1992). "Horizontal root fractures. Treatment and repair". Dental Clinics of North America. 36 (2): 509–525. doi:10.1016/S0011-8532(22)02510-1. ISSN 0011-8532. PMID 1572511.
- ↑ Cvek, M.; Andreasen, J. O.; Borum, M. K. (April 2001). "Healing of 208 intra-alveolar root fractures in patients aged 7-17 years". Dental Traumatology. 17 (2): 53–62. doi:10.1034/j.1600-9657.2001.017002053.x. ISSN 1600-4469. PMID 11475947.
- 1 2 Andreasen, J. O.; Andreasen, F. M.; Mejare, I.; Cvek, M. (August 2004). "Healing of 400 intra-alveolar root fractures. 1. Effect of pre-injury and injury factors such as sex, age, stage of root development, fracture type, location of fracture and severity of dislocation". Dental Traumatology. 20 (4): 192–202. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2004.00279.x. ISSN 1600-4469. PMID 15245518.
- ↑ Andreasen, J. O.; Andreasen, F. M.; Mejàre, I.; Cvek, M. (August 2008). "Healing of 400 intra-alveolar root fractures. 2. Effect of treatment factors such as treatment delay, repositioning, splinting type and period and antibiotics". Dental Traumatology. 20 (4): 203–211. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2004.00278.x. ISSN 1600-4469. PMID 15245519.
- ↑ Andreasen, Jens Ove; Ahrensburg, Søren Steno; Tsilingaridis, Georgios (October 2012). "Root fractures: the influence of type of healing and location of fracture on tooth survival rates - an analysis of 492 cases". Dental Traumatology. 28 (5): 404–409. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2012.01132.x . ISSN 1600-9657. PMID 22443169.