Ruberedoxin A (RubA) is a protein conserved across all studied oxygenic photoautotrophs. [1]
As of March 2015 there was no crystal structure of RubA although a structure of the homologous protein from a cryptomonad was determined using NMR. [2] Investigation of the gene however indicates that it differs from other known rubredoxins in being bound to the thylakoid membrane via a C-terminal transmembrane helix. [1] [3] [4]
An investigation of Guillardia theta noted that RubA had a similar distribution to Photosystem II (PSII) and immunological experiments indicated the presence of RubA in PSII complexes isolated from Spinacia oleracea . [3] In Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 it has been demonstrated that the insertion of an antibiotic cassette into the rubA gene results in a marked decrease in the amount of PSII present, [1] while the same mutation within Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and in Arabidopsis thaliana results in a total absence of PSII. [1]
Conversely, another study performed in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 indicated that mutation of the rubA gene interfered with iron-sulphur cluster assembly in Photosystem I (PSI), rather than affecting PSII. [4] [5]
Rubredoxins are a class of low-molecular-weight iron-containing proteins found in sulfur-metabolizing bacteria and archaea. Sometimes rubredoxins are classified as iron-sulfur proteins; however, in contrast to iron-sulfur proteins, rubredoxins do not contain inorganic sulfide. Like cytochromes, ferredoxins and Rieske proteins, rubredoxins are thought to participate in electron transfer in biological systems. Recent work in bacteria and algae have led to the hypothesis that some rubredoxins may instead have a role in delivering iron to metalloproteins.
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, also known as Grb2, is an adaptor protein involved in signal transduction/cell communication. In humans, the GRB2 protein is encoded by the GRB2 gene.
Synechococcus is a unicellular cyanobacterium that is very widespread in the marine environment. Its size varies from 0.8 to 1.5 µm. The photosynthetic coccoid cells are preferentially found in well–lit surface waters where it can be very abundant. Many freshwater species of Synechococcus have also been described.
Ku70 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the XRCC6 gene.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 (TSC2), also known as Tuberin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSC2 gene.
C-C chemokine receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR1 gene.
Interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ILF3 gene.
Ras-related protein Rab-11A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB11A gene.
Small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUMO2 gene.
The alpha-2A adrenergic receptor, also known as ADRA2A, is an α2 adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it.
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (Rac3) is a G protein that in humans is encoded by the RAC3 gene. It is an important component of intracellular signalling pathways. Rac3 is a member of the Rac subfamily of the Rho family of small G proteins. Members of this superfamily appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, and the activation of protein kinases.
Beta-arrestin-2, also known as arrestin beta-2, is an intracellular protein that in humans is encoded by the ARRB2 gene.
Photosynthetic reaction centre proteins are main protein components of photosynthetic reaction centres (RCs) of bacteria and plants. They are transmembrane proteins embedded in the chloroplast thylakoid or bacterial cell membrane.
Filamin-C (FLN-C) also known as actin-binding-like protein (ABPL) or filamin-2 (FLN2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FLNC gene. Filamin-C is mainly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscles, and functions at Z-discs and in subsarcolemmal regions.
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP2K5 gene.
Protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R2 gene.
snRNA-activating protein complex subunit 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNAPC4 gene.
Origin recognition complex subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ORC1 gene. It is closely related to CDC6, and both are the same protein in archaea.
Avadhesha Surolia is a glycobiologist at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. He was born in Kishangarh, Rajasthan, India. Presently, he is an honorary professor at the Molecular Biophysics Unit, IISc and holds the Bhatnagar fellowship of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). He is known for his work on lectin structure and interactions, orientation and dynamics of cell surface carbohydrate receptors and protein folding, diabetes, antimalarials and anti-cancer agents based on curcumin, flavonoids, etc. In addition, neuropathic pain, neurodegenerative disorders and the link between immunity and obsessive–compulsive disorder are areas of his current interest
Photoautotrophs are organisms that can utilize light energy from sunlight and elements from inorganic compounds to produce organic materials needed to sustain their own metabolism. This biological activity is known as photosynthesis, and examples of such photosynthetic organisms include plants, algae and cyanobacteria.
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