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An eating disorder is a mental disorder defined by abnormal eating behaviors that negatively affect a person's physical or mental health. Only one eating disorder can be diagnosed at a given time. Types of eating disorders include binge eating disorder,where the patient eats a large amount in a short period of time;anorexia nervosa,where the person has an intense fear of gaining weight and restricts food or overexercises to manage this fear;bulimia nervosa,where individuals eat a large quantity (binging) then try to rid themselves of the food (purging);pica,where the patient eats non-food items;rumination syndrome,where the patient regurgitates undigested or minimally digested food;avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID),where people have a reduced or selective food intake due to some psychological reasons;and a group of other specified feeding or eating disorders. Anxiety disorders,depression and substance abuse are common among people with eating disorders. These disorders do not include obesity. People often experience comorbidity between an eating disorder and OCD. It is estimated 20-60% of patients with an ED have a history of OCD.
Bulimia nervosa,also known as simply bulimia,is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging or fasting,and excessive concern with body shape and weight. The aim of this activity is to expel the body of calories eaten from the binging phase of the process. Binge eating refers to eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time. Purging refers to the attempts to get rid of the food consumed. This may be done by vomiting or taking laxatives.
Appetite is the desire to eat food items,usually due to hunger. Appealing foods can stimulate appetite even when hunger is absent,although appetite can be greatly reduced by satiety. Appetite exists in all higher life-forms,and serves to regulate adequate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs. It is regulated by a close interplay between the digestive tract,adipose tissue and the brain. Appetite has a relationship with every individual's behavior. Appetitive behaviour also known as approach behaviour,and consummatory behaviour,are the only processes that involve energy intake,whereas all other behaviours affect the release of energy. When stressed,appetite levels may increase and result in an increase of food intake. Decreased desire to eat is termed anorexia,while polyphagia is increased eating. Dysregulation of appetite contributes to anorexia nervosa,bulimia nervosa,cachexia,overeating,and binge eating disorder.
Binge eating disorder (BED) is an eating disorder characterized by frequent and recurrent binge eating episodes with associated negative psychological and social problems,but without the compensatory behaviors common to bulimia nervosa,OSFED,or the binge-purge subtype of anorexia nervosa.
Binge eating is a pattern of disordered eating which consists of episodes of uncontrollable eating. It is a common symptom of eating disorders such as binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. During such binges,a person rapidly consumes an excessive quantity of food. A diagnosis of binge eating is associated with feelings of loss of control. Binge eating disorder is also linked with being overweight and obesity.
William Stewart Agras is an American psychiatrist and psychotherapist of British origin,research psychiatrist and Emeritus (Active) Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at Stanford University. He normally goes by Stewart Agras.
Night eating syndrome(NES) is an eating disorder,characterized by a delayed circadian pattern of food intake. Although there is some degree of comorbidity with binge eating disorder,it differs from binge eating in that the amount of food consumed in the night is not necessarily objectively large nor is a loss of control over food intake required. It was originally described by Albert Stunkard in 1955 and is currently included in the other specified feeding or eating disorder category of the DSM-5. Research diagnostic criteria have been proposed and include evening hyperphagia and/or nocturnal awakening and ingestion of food two or more times per week. The person must have awareness of the night eating to differentiate it from the parasomnia sleep-related eating disorder (SRED). Three of five associated symptoms must also be present:lack of appetite in the morning,urges to eat at night,belief that one must eat in order to fall back to sleep at night,depressed mood,and/or difficulty sleeping.
Michael Scott Roth is an American academic and university administrator. He became the 16th president of Wesleyan University in 2007. Formerly,he was the 8th president of the California College of the Arts (2000–2007),associate director of the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles,and Director of European Studies at Claremont Graduate University. He was also the H.B. Professor of Humanities at Scripps College,where he was the founding director of the Scripps College Humanities Institute.
Purging disorder is an eating disorder characterized by the DSM-5 as self-induced vomiting,or misuse of laxatives,diuretics,or enemas to forcefully evacuate matter from the body. Purging disorder differs from bulimia nervosa (BN) because individuals do not consume a large amount of food before they purge. In current diagnostic systems,purging disorder is a form of other specified feeding or eating disorder. Research indicates that purging disorder,while not rare,is not as commonly found as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. This syndrome is associated with clinically significant levels of distress,and that it appears to be distinct from bulimia nervosa on measures of hunger and ability to control food intake. Some of the signs of purging disorder are frequent trips to the bathroom directly after a meal,frequent use of laxatives,and obsession over one's appearance and weight. Other signs include swollen cheeks,popped blood vessels in the eyes,and clear teeth which are all signs of excessive vomiting.
Scott Plous is an American academic social psychologist,currently working as a Professor of Psychology at the Department of Psychology,Wesleyan University.
Gürze Books,LLC is a Carlsbad,California based publishing company specializing on books addressing eating disorders and body image. It has been an imprint of Turner Publishing Company since 2018.
Cynthia Marie Bulik is an American psychologist and author.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is derived from both the cognitive and behavioral schools of psychology and focuses on the alteration of thoughts and actions with the goal of treating various disorders. The cognitive behavioral treatment of eating disorders emphasizes on the minimization of negative thoughts about body image and the act of eating,and attempts to alter negative and harmful behaviors that are involved in and perpetuate eating disorders. It also encourages the ability to tolerate negative thoughts and feelings as well as the ability to think about food and body perception in a multi-dimensional way. The emphasis is not only placed on altering cognition,but also on tangible practices like making goals and being rewarded for meeting those goals. CBT is a "time-limited and focused approach" which means that it is important for the patients of this type of therapy to have particular issues that they want to address when they begin treatment. CBT has also proven to be one of the most effective treatments for eating disorders.
Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) is a subclinical DSM-5 category that,along with unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED),replaces the category formerly called eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) in the DSM-IV-TR. It captures feeding disorders and eating disorders of clinical severity that do not meet diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN),bulimia nervosa (BN),binge eating disorder (BED),avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID),pica,or rumination disorder. OSFED includes five examples:
The International Journal of Eating Disorders is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the study of eating disorders. It was established in 1981 and is published eight times per year by John Wiley &Sons. The editor-in-chief is Ruth Striegel Weissman. According to the Journal Citation Reports,the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.861,ranking it 27th out of 89 journals in the category "Nutrition &Dietetics".
Martha Scott Gilmore is an American planetary geologist. She is the George I. Seney Professor of Geology and Director of Graduate Studies at Wesleyan University.
Kate Tchanturia is a British psychologist who is a professor of psychology in eating disorders at the Institute of Psychiatry,Psychology and Neuroscience,King’s College London. She is also Consultant Psychologist at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust for the National Eating Disorder Service. Her main research interests include cultural differences in illness presentations,cognitive profiles in eating disorders,and experimental work in emotion processing and translational research from experimental findings to real clinical practice. Tchanturia has a particular interest in women’s mental health and has pioneered the PEACE pathway for autism and eating disorder comorbidity.
Erika Franklin Fowler is an American political scientist. She is an Associate professor of Government at Wesleyan University,having previously served as a Robert Wood Johnson Scholar in Health Policy Research at the University of Michigan School of Public Health.
Alison Ellen Field is an American epidemiologist. Field currently serves as professor and chair of epidemiology at the Brown University School of Public Health and professor of pediatrics at Brown's Alpert Medical School.
Robin Meryl Masheb is an American psychologist. She is a Full Professor of Psychiatry at Yale University and Director of the Veterans Initiative for Eating and Weight. The program is dedicated to addressing eating and weight problems in veterans through research and consultation.
References
- 1 2 "Ruth Striegel Weissman". wesleyan.edu. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
- 1 2 Rockwell, Cynthia (September 4, 2002). "What's Eating Us?". wesleyan.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
- ↑ "About AED: Our History". aedweb.org. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ↑ "Wesleyan Professor Has Research Grant". Hartford Courant. July 7, 1998. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2021– via newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Eating Disorders Expert". magazine.blogs.wesleyan.edu. September 20, 2005. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
- ↑ Drake, Olivia (December 2, 2005). "Groundbreaking Binge-Eating Study Undertaken by Psychology Professor". newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ↑ Drake, Olivia (November 11, 2008). "Striegel-Moore Honored by Psychology Association". newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu. Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ↑ Pesci, David (November 2, 2011). "Striegel Study Will Change Binge Eating "Facts"". newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu. Archived from the original on November 8, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ↑ Drake, Olivia (February 13, 2012). "Striegel Co-Authors Book on Eating Disorders". newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ↑ Holder, Bill (January 25, 2013). "Striegel to Assume Position of Provost, Vice President for Academic Affairs". newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ↑ "Livingston HealthCare Foundation Names New Board Chair". livingstonhealthcare.org. June 10, 2016. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ↑ Rubenstein, Lauren (April 25, 2018). "Weissman Receives Lifetime Achievement Award". newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ↑ Striegel Weissman, Ruth; Klump, Kelly L.; Rose, Jennifer (May 25, 2020). "Conducting eating disorders research in the time of COVID‐19: A survey of researchers in the field". International Journal of Eating Disorders . 53 (7): 1171–1181. doi:10.1002/eat.23303. PMC 7280663 . PMID 32449555.
