SS Ancon

Ancon at the opening of the Panama Canal, 1914
History
United States
Name	Shawmut
Owner	Boston Steamship Company
Builder	Maryland Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Maryland
Launched	15 December 1901
Out of service	1909
Homeport	Boston
Identification	Official Number: 117125 Code Letters KRNT
United States
Name	Ancon (1909) Ex Ancon (1939) [1]
Owner	United States Government under Panama Railroad Company [2]
Acquired	1909
Out of service	28 March – 25 July 1919 for service with Navy
Homeport	New York
Fate	Sold private, Permanente Steamship Company, renamed Permanente, scrapped 1950 [3]
USS Ancon (ID # 1467) In port in 1919, while engaged in transporting U.S. troops home from Europe. The original image was printed on postal card ("AZO") stock .
United States
Name	USS Ancon (ID-1467)
Acquired	16 November 1918
Commissioned	28 March 1919
Decommissioned	25 July 1919
Out of service	Returned to The Panama Canal 25 July 1919
General characteristics
Type	Cargo liner, later Troop transport
Tonnage	9606 Gross Tons
Displacement	9,332 long tons (9,482 t)
Length	489.5 ft (149.2 m)
Beam	58 ft (18 m)
Draft	28.9 ft (8.8 m)
Propulsion	Steam, Triple Expansion 533 NHP
Speed	13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph)
Complement	In naval service, 126
Armament	In naval service, 3 × 6 pdrs
Notes	Dimensions from Lloyd's Register, 1906 & 1914

SS Ancon was an American cargo and passenger ship that became the first ship to officially transit the Panama Canal in 1914 although the French crane boat Alexandre La Valley completed the first trip in stages during construction prior to the official opening. The ship was built as Shawmut for the Boston Steamship Company by the Maryland Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Maryland and put into Pacific service operating out of Puget Sound ports for Japan, China and the Philippine Islands. Shawmut and sister ship Tremont were two of the largest United States commercial ships in service at the time and the company eventually found them too expensive to operate.

Shawmut and Tremont were acquired by the United States Government through the agency of the Panama Railroad Company's Panama Railroad Steamship Line, whose assets were entirely owned by the government and critical to construction of the canal, to serve between New York and the Atlantic terminus during canal construction. Both ships were renamed for features of the canal; Shawmut for the Pacific side terminus Ancon and Tremont as Cristobal for the Canal's Atlantic port. Though not the first vessel to make a complete transit, Ancon made the first official and ceremonial transit with a delegation of some two hundred dignitaries aboard. After the end of World War I the ship saw very brief service from 28 March to 25 July 1919 as a commissioned United States Ship, USS Ancon (ID-1467), making two round trip voyages from the New York Port of Embarkation to France returning troops home. Ancon was returned to Panama Canal service and was in service with the canal until 1939 when the ship was sold to private parties known as the Permanente Steamship Company and renamed Permanente.

Construction and design

The steamer was constructed by Maryland Steel, Sparrows Point, Maryland, for the Boston Steamship Line as the SS Shawmut launched December 1901 and completed in 1902. ^{[4] [5]} The launch date is given as "today" in a piece in The New York Times datelined December 21, 1901, and published on 22 December while the journal Marine Engineering gives the date as 23 December. ^{[4] [6] [note 1]}

Commercial service

Shawmut was put into service by the Boston Steamship Company in association with the Northern Pacific and Great Northern Railways acting as booking agents with monthly passenger and freight sailings from Puget Sound ports of Tacoma and Seattle, Washington and Victoria, British Columbia to Yokohama, Kobe and Moji, Japan; Shanghai and Hong Kong, China and Manila, Philippines. ^{[7] [8]}

Shawmut's maiden voyage led to questions about whether such large ships could be profitable with specific questions concerning even larger ships being built by James J. Hill for trans Pacific trade. ^[9] The ship had arrived in Seattle to begin loading for the voyage on 22 July 1902 sailing for Tacoma on 25 July to load cargo, largely of lumber that had to be transshipped due to the fact the ship was too large to enter the lumber port, and took until 22 August to fully load cargo from scattered origins. ^[9] She sailed on 22 August with a stop at Seattle before proceeding to sea that night and reached Yokohama 12 September unloading a small consignment. ^[9] The lumber was destined for Shanghai, but the ship was too large to reach the docks on arrival 20 September and had to unload by lighter taking until 13 October before departure for Hong Kong. ^[9] On reaching Hong Kong 18 October where there was little cargo to load and only a small amount to carry on to Manila upon departure 8 November. ^[9] By 22 November Shawmut was in Yokohama for a final stop before departure for Seattle on 23 November where she arrived 8 December, 139 days for the voyage. ^[9] The ship had carried a then record breaking 13,000 tons of cargo, but returned with only about 2,500 tons and an estimated deficit of over $21,000 for the trip. ^[9] There was speculation that Hill had used a Boston company to "experiment" on using large ships for the trade before committing his vessels. ^[9]

The ship had arrived in Yokohama early in the Russo-Japanese War reporting Japanese torpedo boats hundreds of miles at sea investigating all ships. ^[10] She departed Yokohama with Jewish businessmen from the Russian port of Vladivostok who had been suddenly ordered out by Russian authorities and escaped through Korea where Japanese authorities had detained them before bringing them to Yokohama where they boarded Shawmut which had reached Seattle in late March. ^[10] The ship was also under close surveillance by Japanese "special service agents" who even kept a guard at one passenger's door. ^[10] Among the passengers bound for Seattle were 235 Filipinos on the way to the St. Louis World's Fair along with material for the Filipino and Japanese villages at the fair. ^[10] Shawmut sailed for Japan again on 16 July 1904 with 15,000 tons of cargo that included 900,000 pounds of canned beef destined for Kobe, Japan and was at sea when a cable from London instructed marine insurance agents to not accept risks on ships or cargoes for Japan for fear of seizure by belligerents. ^[11]

Shawmut had grounded off the coast of China in the fall of 1904 due to weather suffering loss of her rudder, propellers and suffering a double fracture to her stern frame and "spectacle" supports for her propellers but, after repair in an overseas dry dock, managed a return to home waters and one round trip before making permanent repairs. ^{[12] [13]} The replacement stern frame and propeller supports were built by the ship's original builder and sent to Seattle to meet the ship there in January 1905 for the permanent repair. ^[12] Moran Brothers' Company of Seattle proposed to do the repairs using the only dry dock of sufficient size, the naval dry dock at Bremerton, but the Navy's charges were "exorbitant" and Moran devised a means of using their small floating dry dock to do the repairs by only lifting the stern of Shawmut using a cofferdam to seal and de-water the work space. ^{[12] [13]}

By 1907 predictions of economic trouble had become fact with Shawmut and Tremont withdrawn from Pacific service and replaced in the Philippine trade by the British firm of Andrew Weir and Company. ^[14] The consequence, in the words of His Majesty's consul in Manila in his report for 1907, was that "the American flag disappears from the Pacific trade with the single exception of the Northern Pacific Steamship Company's passenger-freighter Minnesota." ^{[14] [note 2]} By October 1908 the annual meeting of the Boston Steamship Company was reported to be postponed pending news of the sale of both Shawmut and Tremont because the company stated they could not be operated without a subsidy. ^[15]

The Panama Canal service

In 1909 the ship was purchased by the Panama Canal. ^[16] The ship was renamed for the Panama Canal's Pacific side terminus at Ancon. Both Ancon and her sister ship Cristobal operated under The Panama Railroad Company's Panama Railroad Steamship Line. ^{[16] [2]} Both ships played a crucial role in building the canal, bringing workers and supplies, notably massive amounts of cement, from New York to Panama for the construction project. ^[17]

On 15 August 1914 Ancon made the first official transit of the canal as part of the canal's opening ceremonies. (Her sister ship Cristobal had made the first unofficial transit on 3 August, delivering a load of cement, while an old French crane boat Alexandre La Valley had crossed the canal from the Atlantic in stages during construction, finally reaching the Pacific on 7 January.) ^[18]

Five days after the end of World War I, on 16 November 1918, Ancon was acquired at New Orleans by the United States Navy from the Department of War (Army) and commissioned on 28 March 1919 under the command of Lt. Comdr. Milan L. Pittman, USNRF as the troop transport USS Ancon (ID-1467). ^[19] The ship was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet's Cruiser and Transport Force making two round-trip voyages from the United States to France returning troops home. ^[19] On completion of the second voyage Ancon was decommissioned at New York City on 25 July 1919 and returned to the War Department. ^[19]

The Panama Railroad Company replaced SS Ancon in 1938 with a larger steam turbine cargo liner named Ancon which later saw considerable action as the Navy command and communications ship USS Ancon (AGC-4) in World War II. The old Ancon remained in Panama Canal service as Ex Ancon until sold privately. ^[1]

Further service

In 1941, the ship was sold to the Permanente Steam Ship Company in Oakland, California and renamed Permanente. After the end of World War II, the vessel changed hands to the Tidewater Commercial Company in Panama who renamed it Tidewater in 1946, and again to Continental in 1948. Two years later, the Bernstein Line in Panama acquired the ship and renamed her back to Ancon before sending her to Italian shipbreakers, arriving on 26 October 1950. The Ancon was finally scrapped by the Trosidea Ricuperi Metallici company in Savona. ^[20]

See also

• Panama Canal Zone
• Panama Canal Railway
• Panama Canal

Footnotes

1. The New York Times published 22 December 1901 release gives the launch "today" in a piece datelined 21 December. The Marine Engineering January 1902 issue gives the date of 23 December 1901. A "data card" the journal Marine Engineering published with some major ship articles for retention by readers states "Launched January 1902" with ship's characteristics but the card was probably prepared early for publication in the January issue. The journal's articles for January publication, perhaps based on scheduled times, were probably being prepared about the time of launch with the daily newspaper's article likely more current.
2. The Minnesota referenced would be the 20,602 ton ship of 1904, a predecessor of Northern Pacific's Great Northern and sister of Dakota, that was built by Eastern Shipbuilding Company, New London, Connecticut and sold for scrap in 1923.

References

1. Lloyd's Register 1940–41.
2. Bennett 1915, p. 93.
3. Lloyd's Register 1944–45.
4. Marine Engineering (January 1902).
5. Lloyd's Register, 1906
6. New York Times (December 22, 1901).
7. Blue Book of American Shipping 1905, p. 277.
8. The Official Guide of the Railways and Steam Navigation Lines, January 1908, p. 606.
9. Morning Oregonian (January 2, 1903), p. 12.
10. The Tacoma Times March 21, 1904, p. 3.
11. San Francisco Call 22 July 1904, p. 1.
12. The Steamship (October, 1905).
13. Marine Engineering (May 1905).
14. Horne 1908, p. 17.
15. The American Marine Engineer October, 1908.
16. 65th Congress, First Session: Senate Documents, p. 30.
17. David McCullough, The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal 1870–1914 , Simon and Schuster (1977) p. 594
18. McCullough, pp. 607–609
19. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: Ancon (ID-1467).
20. Miramar Ship Index

Bibliography

• The American Marine Engineer (1908). "News Brevities". The American Marine Engineer. 3 (October, 1908). New York/Chicago: National Marine Engineer's Beneficial Association.
• Bennett, Ira E. (1915). History of the Panama Canal – Its Construction and Builders. Washington, D.C.: Historical Publishing Company. LCCN   15012012.
• Blue Book of American Shipping (1905). From Pacific Coast Ports to the Orient. Cleveland, Ohio: Penton Publishing Company. LCCN   01019463.
• Horne (Acting Consul General, Manila), H. (1908). Report on the Trade and Commerce of the Philippine Islands for the Year 1907. Diplomatic and Consular Reports. Annual Series. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
• Lloyds. "Lloyd's Register 1940–41" (PDF). Lloyd's Register (through PlimsollShipData). Retrieved 16 March 2015.
• Lloyds. "Lloyd's Register 1944–45" (PDF). Lloyd's Register (through PlimsollShipData). Retrieved 23 January 2014.
• Marine Engineering (1902). "New Ships of the Boston Steamship Company". Marine Engineering. 7 (January 1902). New York: Marine Engineering, Inc.
• Marine Engineering (1905). "Repairs to the Steamship Shawmut". Marine Engineering. 10 (May 1905). New York: Marine Engineering, Inc.
• Morning Oregonian (1902). "Too Big For Profit: Shawmut's Expensive Experience in Oriental Trade". Morning Oregonian (January 2, 1903). Portland.
• Naval History And Heritage Command (4 December 2014). "Ancon (Id. No. 1467)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History And Heritage Command.
• New York Times (1901). "New Ocean Freighter Launched". The New York Times (December 22, 1901). New York.
• The Official Guide (1905). "Advertisement: Boston Steamship Company". The Official Guide of the Railways and Steam Navigation Lines of the United States (January, 1908). New York: The National Railway Publication Company.
• San Francisco Call (1902). "No More Japanese Risks". San Francisco Call. 96 (22 July 1904). San Francisco.
• The Steamship (1905). "Dry Docking Under Difficulties". The Steamship. 17 (October 1905). New York.
• The Tacoma Times (1902). "Steamship Shawmut Brings Refugees From Vladivostok". The Tacoma Times (March 21, 1904). Tacoma, Washington.
• United States Government Printing Office (1917). Senate Documents, 65th Congress, First Session. Vol. 10. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.