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Padma Shri, also spelled Padma Shree, is the fourth-highest civilian award of the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Vibhushan and the Padma Bhushan. It is awarded by the Government of India every year on India's Republic Day.
Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is an approach used mainly in developing countries to improve sanitation and hygiene practices in a community. The approach tries to achieve behavior change in mainly rural people by a process of "triggering", leading to spontaneous and long-term abandonment of open defecation practices. It focuses on spontaneous and long-lasting behavior change of an entire community. The term "triggering" is central to the CLTS process: It refers to ways of igniting community interest in ending open defecation, usually by building simple toilets, such as pit latrines. CLTS involves actions leading to increased self-respect and pride in one's community. It also involves shame and disgust about one's own open defecation behaviors. CLTS takes an approach to rural sanitation that works without hardware subsidies and that facilitates communities to recognize the problem of open defecation and take collective action to clean up and become "open defecation free".
The water supply and sanitation in India has improved drastically since 1980s. While entire population of India has access to toilets, however, many people lack access to clean water and sewage infrastructure. Various government programs at national, state, and community level have brought rapid improvements in sanitation and the drinking water supply. Some of these programs are ongoing.
The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation was a ministry of the Government of India formed in 2011. From May 2019, the ministry has been merged with the Ministry of Jal Shakti.
Open defecation is the human practice of defecating outside rather than into a toilet. People may choose fields, bushes, forests, ditches, streets, canals, or other open spaces for defecation. They do so either because they do not have a toilet readily accessible or due to traditional cultural practices. The practice is common where sanitation infrastructure and services are not available. Even if toilets are available, behavior change efforts may still be needed to promote the use of toilets. 'Open defecation free' (ODF) is a term used to describe communities that have shifted to using toilets instead of open defecation. This can happen, for example, after community-led total sanitation programs have been implemented.
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or Clean India Mission is a country-wide campaign initiated by the Government of India in 2014 to eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management. It is a restructured version of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan launched in 2009 that failed to achieve its intended targets.
This is a list of Indian states and territories by the percentage of households which are open defecation free, that is those that have access to sanitation facilities, in both urban and rural areas along with data from the Swachh Bharat Mission, National Family Health Survey, and the National Sample Survey. The reliability of this information can be questioned, as it has been observed that there is still open defecation in some states claimed "ODF".
Dr. Suhas Vitthal Mapuskar popularly known as Dr. Mapuskar or Dr. S. V. Mapuskar was an Indian physician and social activist who was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India posthumously in 2017. He had received the Nirmal Gram Award from late President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam in 2006. He dedicated his life to make Dehu village open defecation free beginning as early as in the 1960s. He is known for his work in the field of rural sanitation in Maharashtra.
Marachi Subburaman is a social worker who is rendering services related to eco-friendly sanitation and water conservation for rural areas in India through a Non-governmental organization viz Society for Community Organisation and People’s Education (SCOPE) based in Trichy, Tamil Nadu founded and run by him. His contribution to the field of sanitation was recognized nationally and towards the social service he was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian award in the Republic of India, in 2021.
Prahlad Rai Agarwala is an Indian business man based in Kolkata, West Bengal, engaged in the manufacturing and export of a range of clothing and other products including inner wear, casual wear, kids wear, winter wear and footwear. The "Rupa" brand of knit wear owned by the hosiery company Rupa & Company Ltd. founded by Prahlad Rai Agarwala along with Ghanshyam Prasad Agarwala and Kunj Bihari Agarwal in 1968 is one of India's largest knitwear brand.
Lata Desai is a medical doctor from the Indian State of Gujarat who is 1980 along with her husband Dr. Anil Desai and a few friends founded the Society for Education Welfare and Action - Rural, a voluntary organization devoted to health and development activities in the tribal area of South Gujarat.
Dhaneswar Engti is a poet-author from the Indian State of Assam promoting the use of the endangered Karbi language spoken by the Karbi people of Northeastern India. Engti has authored 19 books and written around 100 songs in the Karbi language. He has also served as the Joint Secretary of Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council. In the year 2022, Govt. of India conferred on him the Padma Shri award for his work towards the preservation and advancement of indigenous languages.
Om Prakash Gandhi is a social worker from the Indian State of Haryana dedicated to the cause of girl child education.
Narasingha Prasad Guru is an author and a lyricist from the Indian State of Odisha. He is a pioneer and a promoter of the Koshali language, also known as the Sambalpuri language, which is a language spoken in the western parts of Odisha. He has composed over 10 books in this language and composed around 500 songs. He has also compiled a dictionary of the Koshali language.
Avadh Kishore Jadia is a poet and author in the Bundeli language and the Braj language from the Chhatarpur district in the Indian State of Madhya Pradesh. He was also an Ayurveda medical practitioner in the Madhya Pradesh Govt Service. In the year 2022, Govt of India honored him by conferring the Padma Shri award for his contributions as an author in the Bundeli and Braj languages.
Guruprasad Mohapatra was an officer of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) who had held several important positions in the Gujarat State Govt and also in the Central Govt of India. At the time of his demise in June 2021 due to COVID-19 he was holding the position of the Secretary of Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) in Govt of India. In April 2021, in spite of the fact that he himself was suffering from Covid, he worked day and night to ensure availability of oxygen when the Covid pandemic was at its most dreadful and deaths from the disease were at their peak in the country. In the year 2022, Govt of India posthumously conferred the Padma Shri award on Mahapatra specifically for his immense contribution for the alleviation of the sufferings of Covid patients.
Thavil Kongampattu A V Murugaiyan is a thavil player from the Puducherry Union Territory in India.
Amai Mahalinga Naik is an innovative farmer from Adyanadka village in Dakshina Kannada district in the Indian State of Karnataka who single-handedly developed an organic agricultural farm with a zero-energy micro-irrigation system. This he achieved by digging tunnels deep into the sloping hills on which his land was located and tapping groundwater trapped in the bowels of the hills through the tunnels. In fact it was only in his sixth attempt in which he dug a tunnel of length 315 feet Naik could strike success. All the previous five attempts in which he dug tunnels of length at least 35 meters ended up in failing to strike a water source. The water sourced through this tunnel was used for watering the plants in his farm. After he struck success in his sixth attempt, he dug one more tunnel to bring water for drinking and household usage. The relentless pursuit of this tunneling operation earned him the nick name "The Tunnel Man of Karnataka". He also single-handedly constructed about 300 percolation trenches in the hills surrounding the farm and two revetments and a tank of 12,000 litres capacity to fill-up the revetments. His work transformed a deserted and barren plot of land into a lush oasis comprising arecanut palms, coconut trees, cashew trees, banana saplings and pepper vines. Naik’s farm has become a model-farmland and attracts over 1,000 visitors a year including several foreign tourists.
V L Nghaka is an academician from the Indian State of Mizoram known for his efforts for the propagation and development of the Hindi language in Mizoram. He authored the first Hind-Mizo dictionary and got it published in the year 1965. In the year 2022, Govt of India honoured V L Nghaka by conferring the Padma Shri award for his contributions to literature and education. As per his citation for Padma Shri award, "He built a cultural bridge between Hindi and Mizo language by drafting a Hindi-Mizo dictionary. As an interpreter, he was instrumental in bringing the government and Mizo people closer.”
References
- ↑ Nahla Nainar and Kathelene Antony (30 January 2022). "Padma Shri honours for regional trailblazers". THG Publishing Pvt Ltd. The Hindu. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ↑ Sowmya Mani (27 January 2022). "Man behind India's first open-defecation free village receives Padma Shri". The New Indian Express. Express News Service. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ↑ "Biodata of S Damodaran" (PDF). Gramalya. Gramalaya. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ↑ "Padma Awards 2022" (PDF). Padma Awards. Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ↑ "Padma Awards 2022". Padma Awards. Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India. Archived from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 11 February 2022.