Election of Gelasius II
Cardinal Saxo took part in the Papal election of Gelasius II, [6] which took place in the walled monastic compound, the Palladium (S. Maria in Pallara), [7] S. Maria in Pallara belonged to the Benedictine Congregation of Montecassino, and was the residence of Cardinal Giovanni of Gaeta (Joannes Gaetanus), the papal chancellor, who was also a Benedictine monk. Cardinal Giovanni Gaetani was elected pope on 24 January 1118. This election provoked unrest in Rome, and the papal court was forced to flee the troops of the Emperor Henry V on 2 March. [8] He was, or became, a vocal opponent of Pope Calixtus' conciliatory policy, supporting the Pierleoni faction in Roman politics. [9]
Cardinal Saxo subscribed papal documents on 17 April and 16 May 1222 at the Lateran, but in August he was in Würzburg. [10]
In 1122, Pope Calixtus II sent a committee of cardinals to Germany to attempt to work out a permanent solution to the Investiture Controversy. The members were Cardinal-Bishop Lamberto Scannabecchi of Ostia; Cardinal-priest Saxo de Anagnia; and Cardinal-deacon Gregorius Papareschi. The treaties were signed on 23 September 1122. [11] Cardinal Saxo was still with the emperor in Strasbourg on 24 January 1123. [12]
Election of 1124
Pope Calixtus died in Rome of a sudden fever on 13 or 14 December 1124. [13] It fell to the six cardinal bishops, according to the constitution In nomine Domini of Nicholas II, to nominate the next pope: Crescentius of Sabina, Pietro Senex of Porto, Lambertus Scannabecchi of Ostia, Guilelmus of Palestrina, Vitalis of Albano, and Gilles (Aegidius) of Tusculum. A leading candidate, the choice of "the people", was Cardinal Saxo of S. Stefano. [14] On 15 or 16 December, the cardinal bishops chose Theobaldus Boccadipecora (Buccapecus), the Cardinal Priest of S. Anastasia, whose election was ratified unanimously by the rest of the cardinals. Immediately after the election, Cardinal Saxo, a supporter of the Frangipani and Cardinal Lamberto, and a very disappointed papal candidate, had a confrontation with Cardinal Benedict, a supporter of Theobaldus, calling him simplex et idiota. [15]
During the election Roberto Frangipani carried out a coup-d'état, proclaiming Cardinal Lambertus Scannabecchi Pope Honorius II. [16] There was no canonical election. Theobaldus resigned immediately that same day, whether willingly or under duress is uncertain. Seven days later, stricken with guilt and remorse, Lamberto resigned his false papacy, though the cardinals apparently reelected or confirmed his office. [17]
In 1125 or 1128, Honorius II sent Cardinal Saxo and Leo Frangipane as legates to Naples to return prisoners who had been captured and detained. [18]
Election of 1130 and schism
When Pope Honorius died, late in the afternoon of 13 February 1130, the cardinals gathered around him did not inform the cardinals of the Pierleoni faction or the senior Cardinal-bishop, Petrus Senex, that the pope had died. Neither did they inform the magistrates of the city of Rome, who only learned of the fact when they assembled after dawn at the church of S. Marco to pay a collective call on the pope. [19] After nightfall, the body of the dead pope was buried in the cloister of S. Gregorio and S. Andrea, by several laymen, without a funeral service. [20] During the night, the cardinals inside the monastery held a meeting at which they elected Cardinal Gregory Papareschi pope. Cardinal Petrus of S. Susanna had a tart rebuke for the cardinals on that matter: "They gathered themselves together at some altar in the darkness, and, wishing to claim the title to an evil deed, they fabricated for themselves the deacon of S. Angelo as an idol in their rash boldness of zeal." [21] Gregorovius states, "The proceeding was entirely contrary to law, and Gregory's action was altogether uncanonical. [22]
At dawn, the body of Honorius was dug up again, and carried along with Papareschi to the Lateran Basilica. They were accompanied by the laymen of the Frangipani faction and the faction's cardinals. [23] The body was buried again, in the Lateran, with a full funeral, and Papareschi was consecrated a bishop and enthroned as Innocent II.
After dawn, the senior-cardinal bishop, Petrus Senex, met with the other cardinals, the important Roman clergy, the magistrates and leading citizens, and the people of Rome, in anticipation of the possible announcement of the death of the pope. They were prepared to give Honorius II a funeral befitting a pope. The meeting took place at the church of S. Marco, at the bottom of the steps to the Capitol, which was convenient for the magistrates and also for the Pierleoni, whose houses were nearby. When they heard of the doings at the Lateran, they began their own electoral meeting, in the light of the coup-d-état which was underway. Cardinal Pietro gave his nomination and vote to Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, who became Pope Anacletus II. Anacletus was acclaimed as pope by the cardinals, clergy, magistrates, nobles, and people of Rome. [24] He was enthroned at S. Peter's Basilica on 15 February, and on 16 February he took possession of the Lateran. [25]
Cardinal Saxo signed the Electoral Decree of Anacletus II on 14 February 1130. [26] In the schism of 1130, Saxo followed the Obedience of Anacletus II, and became his chancellor. [27]
The latest documentary appearance of Saxo's name is in a papal bull of 14 September 1131. His successor as chancellor, Cardinal Matthaeus of S. Pietro in Vincoli, first appears on 11 October 1133. [28] His successor as Cardinal-priest of S. Stefano, Martinus, first subscribes on 23 January 1133. [29]
Anacletus II, born Pietro Pierleoni, was an antipope who ruled in opposition to Pope Innocent II from 1130 until his death in 1138. After the death of Pope Honorius II, the college of cardinals was divided over his successor. Unusually, the election was entrusted to eight cardinals, who elected Papareschi. A larger body of cardinals then elected Pierleoni, which led to a major schism in the Roman Catholic Church. Anacletus had the support of most Romans, including the Frangipani family, and Innocent was forced to flee to France. North of the Alps, Innocent gained the crucial support of the major religious orders, in particular Bernard of Clairvaux's Cistercians, the Abbot of Cluny Peter the Venerable; and Norbert of Xanten, the Archbishop of Magdeburg who established the Premonstratensians and held a high rank in the court of the German Emperor Lothar III.
Victor IV was an antipope for a short time, from March to 29 May 1138.
Teobaldo Boccapecci or Boccapeconai, Latin: Thebaldus Buccapecuc) was elected pope after the death of Pope Callixtus II on 13 December 1124 and took the name Celestine II, but factional violence broke out during the investment ceremony and he resigned before being consecrated or enthroned in order to avoid schism.
Pandulf of Pisa was a twelfth-century Italian cardinal, and biographer of several contemporary popes. He was a native of Rome. He was a nephew of Cardinal Hugo of Alatri. Under Pope Paschal II, and probably with the patronage of his uncle, Pandulf held the post of ostiarius at the papal court. It is deduced from his detailed description of the election of Pope Gelasius II on 24 January 1118 that he was present. On his coronation day, 10 March 1118, Pope Gelasius II elevated him to the rank of Lector and Exorcist. Pope Calixtus II ordained him a subdeacon.
John of Crema was an Italian papal legate and cardinal. He was a close supporter of Pope Callistus II.
Oderisio di Sangro was an Italian Benedictine monk and cardinal, the son of Count Rinaldo of the family of the conti di Sangro in the Marsi.
The 1130 papal election was convoked after the death of Pope Honorius II and resulted in a double election. Part of the cardinals, led by Cardinal-Chancellor Aymeric de la Chatre, elected Gregorio Papareschi as Pope Innocent II, but the rest of them refused to recognize him and elected Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, who took the name of Anacletus II. Although Anacletus had the support of the majority of the cardinals, the Catholic Church considers Innocent II as the legitimate Pope, and Anacletus II as Antipope.
Pietro Senex was Cardinal-Bishop of Porto from 1102 until his death. He was born probably in Rome.
The 1124 papal election took place after the death of Pope Callixtus II on 13 December 1124. The election was characterised by a power struggle between Italian cardinals supported by the Pierleoni family and northern cardinals supported by the Frangipani family. On 16 December the cardinals elected Theobaldo Boccapecci, the cardinal-priest of Sant'Anastasia. He chose the name Celestine II. Before his consecration, however, an armed party of the Frangipani attacked and wounded the newly elected pope. In the following confusion the Bishop of Ostia Lamberto Scannabecchi, the Frangipani's candidate was proclaimed pope under the name Honorius II. After several days of factional fighting Celestine was abandoned by his supporters. However, Honorius would not accept the throne in this manner and resigned as well. He was immediately re-elected and consecrated on 21 December 1124.
The 1118 Papal Election was held to choose the successor for Pope Paschal II, who died in Rome on 21 January 1118, after an 18-year pontificate. Pope Gelasius II was elected as his successor. The election happened during the Investiture Controversy, a conflict between supporters of the Papacy and those of the Holy Roman Emperor. The election was held under the threat of possible violence due to the controversy. The Cardinal electors took refuge in the Benedictine monastery, S. Maria in Pallara, during the election. Within minutes of his election as pope, Gelasius II was attacked and imprisoned by the Frangipani faction, supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor. Gelasius managed to escape, but at the emperor's arrival with his army, he fled Rome and never returned.
Deusdedit was the cardinal-priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso from 1116 until his death. He was named a cardinal by Pope Paschal II. Nothing is known of his life before he was a cardinal. He is not the canonist Balius Severinus Deusdedit, appointed cardinal priest of the Roman titular church Apostolorum in Eudóxia by Pope Gregory VII.
Vitalis of Albano was a Cardinal and bishop of Albano.
Roscemanno, O.S.B.Cas. was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro.
Petrus Pisanus was a Roman Catholic Cardinal. He began his career in papal service as a scriptor in the chancellery. He was appointed Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro, and then promoted Cardinal-priest of Santa Susanna. He served briefly as papal legate in Corsica, before becoming a permanent member of the papal court. He participated in the papal elections of 1118, 1124, and 1130. In 1130, he chose to support the Obedience of Anacletus II rather than that of Innocent II. After Anacletus died in 1138, he joined the Obedience of Innocent II, and survived the purge of 1139.
Bonifacius was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of San Marco. In 1111, he was one of the cardinals captured by King Henry V at what was supposed to be his coronation, and was held prisoner near Rome along with the pope for sixty-one days. He was forced to subscribe to the oath taken by Pope Paschal II, according to the dictates of King Henry. He was then one of the cardinals who opposed the agreements struck by Paschal with Henry in the Lateran synod of 1112. He was not one of the cardinals who followed popes Gelasius, Calixtus, or Honorius on their travels. In the contested papal election of 1130, he supported Pope Anacletus II.
Divizo was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, originally called the titulus Equitii. In 1108, he was papal legate to Germany. He opposed the conciliatory policy of Pope Paschal II to the German King Henry in the Investiture controversy, was imprisoned with the pope and fifteen other cardinals, and forced to sign papal agreements. He then worked against them in the Roman synod of March 1112. After the synod, he was sent to Germany as a legate to Henry V, to work out a compromise. In the winter of 1121 he was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Tusculum (Frascati).
Desiderius was a Roman Catholic Cardinal, and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of S. Prassede in Rome.
Benedictus was a Roman Catholic Cardinal, and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome, also called the titulus Eudoxiae.
Anastasius was a Roman Catholic Cardinal, and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of S. Clemente in Rome.
Joannes was a 12th century Roman Catholic Cardinal, and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere in Rome. Alfonso Chacón writes that he was a member of the Capizucchi family, but he was deceived by the forgeries of Alfonso Ceccarelli, a contemporary acquaintance. In fact, according to Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, in the 11th and 12th centuries the Capizucchi family had no cardinals.
