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Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and manifests in various forms. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public schools, following a curriculum. Non-formal education also follows a structured approach but occurs outside the formal schooling system, while informal education entails unstructured learning through daily experiences. Formal and non-formal education are categorized into levels, including early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, and tertiary education. Other classifications focus on teaching methods, such as teacher-centered and student-centered education, and on subjects, such as science education, language education, and physical education. Additionally, the term "education" can denote the mental states and qualities of educated individuals and the academic field studying educational phenomena.
Colin Ward was a British anarchist writer and editor. He has been called "one of the greatest anarchist thinkers of the past half century, and a pioneering social historian."
Unschooling is a belief of self-driven informal learning characterized by a lesson-free and curriculum-free implementation of homeschooling. Unschooling encourages exploration of activities initiated by the children themselves, under the belief that the more personal learning is, the more meaningful, well-understood, and therefore useful it is to the child.
John Caldwell Holt was an American author and educator, a proponent of homeschooling, and a pioneer in youth rights theory.
Ivan Dominic Illich was an Austrian Catholic priest, theologian, philosopher, and social critic. His 1971 book Deschooling Society criticises modern society's institutional approach to education, an approach that constrains learning to narrow situations in a fairly short period of the human lifespan. His 1975 book Medical Nemesis, importing to the sociology of medicine the concept of medical harm, argues that industrialised society widely impairs quality of life by overmedicalising life, pathologizing normal conditions, creating false dependency, and limiting other more healthful solutions. Illich called himself "an errant pilgrim."
Autodidacticism or self-education is the practice of education without the guidance of schoolmasters.
Instructional scaffolding is the support given to a student by an instructor throughout the learning process. This support is specifically tailored to each student; this instructional approach allows students to experience student-centered learning, which tends to facilitate more efficient learning than teacher-centered learning. This learning process promotes a deeper level of learning than many other common teaching strategies.
Alternative education encompasses educational philosophy differing from mainstream pedagogy and evidence-based education. Such alternative learning environments may be found within state, charter, and independent schools as well as home-based learning environments. Many educational alternatives emphasize small class sizes, close relationships between students and teachers and a sense of community.
Deschooling is a term invented by Austrian philosopher Ivan Illich. Today, the word is mainly used by homeschoolers, especially unschoolers, to refer to the transition process that children and parents go through when they leave the school system in order to start homeschooling. The process is a crucial basis for homeschooling to work. It involves children gradually transitioning away from their schoolday routine and institutional mentality, redeveloping the ability to learn via self-determination, and discovering what they want to learn in their first homeschool days.
Community High School (CHS) is a public, magnet high school serving grades 9–12 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in the United States. Located on a 3.2-acre (13,000 m2) site at 401 North Division Street near the city's Kerrytown district, CHS today enrolls approximately 450 students.
Anti-schooling activism, or radical education reform, describes positions that are critical of school as a learning institution and/or compulsory schooling laws; or multiple attempts and approaches to fundamentally change the school system. People of this movement usually advocate alternatives to the traditional school system, education independent from school, the absence of the concept of schooling as a whole, or the right that people can choose how, where and with whom they are educated.
Everett W. Reimer (1910–1998) was an education theorist who authored several books on educational policy and was a proponent of deschooling. He was a notable friend of Ivan Illich, whom he met at the Catholic University of Puerto Rico.
Deschooling Society is a 1971 book written by Austrian priest Ivan Illich that critiques the role and practice of education in the modern world.
Competency-based learning or competency-based education is a framework for teaching and assessment of learning. It is also described as a type of education based on predetermined "competencies," which focuses on outcomes and real-world performance. Competency-based learning is sometimes presented as an alternative to traditional methods of assessment in education.
Anarchism has had a special interest on the issue of education from the works of William Godwin and Max Stirner onwards.
The free school movement, also known as the new schools or alternative schools movement, was an American education reform movement during the 1960s and early 1970s that sought to change the aims of formal schooling through alternative, independent community schools.
Compulsory Miseducation is a critique of American public schools written by Paul Goodman and published by Horizon Press in 1964. Already established as a social critic of American society and the role of its youth in his previous book Growing Up Absurd (1960), Goodman argues in Compulsory Miseducation against the necessity of schools for the socialization of youth and recommends their abolition. He suggests that formal education lasts too long, teaches the wrong social class values, and increasingly damages students over time. Goodman writes that the school reflects the misguided and insincere values of its society and thus school reformers should focus on these values before schools. He proposes a variety of alternatives to school including no school, the city or farm as school, apprenticeships, guided travel, and youth organizations. Reviewers complimented Goodman's style and noted his deliberate contrarianism, but were split on the feasibility of his proposals. Goodman's book was a precursor to the work of deschooling advocate Ivan Illich.
Penguin Education was an imprint of the British publisher Penguin Books, running from 1965 to 1974.
Gilles Carbonnier is the vice-president of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and professor of development economics at Geneva’s Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHIED).
Antipedagogy sometimes spelled anti-pedagogy with the hyphen, is a critical theory that examines traditional pedagogical dynamics, particularly scrutinizing the exercise of parental or educational authority as a violation of human rights. The anti-pedagogical enlightenment brings attention to the detrimental effects of conventional pedagogy and advocates for intergenerational equality. In 1975, Ekkehard von Braunmühl laid the foundation for this theory with his publication, "Antipedagogy – Studies on the Abolition of Education".
References
- ↑ Wagschal, H. (1972-09-01). "SCHOOL IS DEAD (Author: Everett Reimer)". McGill Journal of Education / Revue des sciences de l'éducation de McGill. 7 (2). ISSN 1916-0666.
- ↑ Reimer, Everett (1972). Mort de l'ecole:Solutions de rechange (in French).
- ↑ Reimer, Everett (1972). Schafft die Schule ab!: Befreiung aus der Lernmaschine (in German). Rowohlt. ISBN 978-3-499-16795-9.
- ↑ Reimer, Everett (1973). La escuela ha muerto. Alternativas en materia de educación. Barral Editores. ISBN 978-84-211-0262-6.
- ↑ Reimer, Everett (1973). La scuola e' morta (in Italian). Armando.
- ↑ King, Edmund (1972). Illich, Ivan; Reimer, Everett (eds.). "The Deschooling Crusade: A Comparative Review Essay". International Review of Education. 18 (2): 238–243. doi:10.1007/BF01450289. ISSN 0020-8566. JSTOR 3443425.
- ↑ Prescott, Bill (1973). "Review of Deschooling Society; School is Dead; Compulsory Miseducation; The Underachieving School". Instructional Science. 2 (2): 235–240. ISSN 0020-4277. JSTOR 23368005.
- ↑ Grace, André P.; Rocco, Tonette S. (2009-06-02). Challenging the Professionalization of Adult Education: John Ohliger and Contradictions in Modern Practice. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 25, 34, 192. ISBN 978-0-7879-7827-3.
- ↑ Barrow, Robin (2012-05-16). Radical Education (RLE Edu K): A Critique of Freeschooling and Deschooling. Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-136-49467-3.
- ↑ Srivastava, Monica Tomar D. S. (2005). Secondary Education. Gyan Publishing House. p. 149. ISBN 978-81-8205-162-1.
- ↑ Carbonnier, Gilles; Carton, Michel; King, Kenneth (2014), Carbonnier, Gilles; Carton, Michel; King, Kenneth (eds.), "International Education and Development: Histories, Parallels, Crossroads", Education, Learning, Training, Critical Issues for Development, Brill, pp. 3–26, JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w76wjj.9 , retrieved 2024-02-17