Sea buckthorn oil

Last updated
Sea buckthorn berries Sea buckthorn Russia 2007.JPG
Sea buckthorn berries

Sea buckthorn oil is a red-orange oil derived from sea buckthorn plants. The most commonly used species for this purpose is Hippophae rhamnoides . Species belonging to this genus accumulate lipids in the mesocarp (the fruit pulp), [1] so the oil can be extracted from either the seeds or the pulp.

Contents

The resulting oils (seed oil and pulp oil, also called fruit or berry oil) are used in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and skin care products.

Chemical constituents

Oil content in seeds of sea buckthorn is on average 7–11% while oil content of the fruit pulp is around 1.5–3% (per fresh weight). [1]

Seed oil is characterized by high contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids [1] while pulp oil contains monounsaturated fatty acids [1] and carotenoids. [2] Both oils also contain dense amounts of tocopherols, tocotrienols [3] and plant sterols. [4]

Fatty acids

Oils from sea buckthorn seeds and pulp differ considerably in fatty acid composition. While linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid are the major fatty acids in seed oil, sea buckthorn pulp oil contains approximately 65% combined of the monounsaturated fatty acid, palmitoleic acid, and the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid. [1] This results in a major difference between the sea buckthorn oil extracted from seeds and the sea buckthorn oil extracted from the fleshy part of the fruit, in term of appearance and consistency. Sea buckthorn fruit oil is dark orange in color and has a thick consistency (it is liquid at room temperature, but becomes much thicker if refrigerated), whereas the seed oil is pale yellow and does not solidify under refrigeration.

Few other vegetable oils contain a similar quantity of these fatty acids.  The high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids are also responsible for the relatively poor shelf life, as they cause sea buckthorn oil to turn rancid quickly. [5]

Tocopherols and tocotrienols

α-Tocopherol is the major vitamin E compound in sea buckthorn. [6] Seed oil also contains considerable amounts of gamma-tocopherol. The total amount of tocopherols and tocotrienols is roughly 64–300 mg/100 g in seed oil and 100–481 mg/100 g in pulp oil. [3]

Carotenoids

As carotenoids are the pigments that give sea buckthorn berry its distinctive orange-red color, these compounds are present in considerable amounts both in pulp oil and in seed oil; the average carotenoid content of pulp oil is 350 mg per 100 grams, as compared to 67.5 mg per 100 grams in seed oil.[ citation needed ] The total content of carotenoids in pulp oil varies (300–2000 mg/100 g) greatly between different growth locations and subspecies, [7] and between components, where total carotenoids were up to 85 mg/100 g in seed oil, and up to 1000 mg/100 g in pulp oil.[ citation needed ] In general, the main carotenoids present in pulp oil are beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and lycopene. [2]

Plant sterols

Both seed and pulp oil also contain considerable amounts of plant sterols (12–23 g/kg and 10–29 g/kg of oil, respectively). Beta-sitosterol is the major sterol compound throughout the berry which constitutes 57–83% of total sterols. [4]

Uses

Sea buckthorn seed oil in capsules Sea buckthorn seed oil gel.JPEG
Sea buckthorn seed oil in capsules

Sea buckthorn oil is frequently used in cosmetic products, especially topical products marketed for aging skin and dry skin. [5] Sea buckthorn oil is used in some shampoos and other hair care products.

It has sometimes been used as a type of topical medication for skin disorders, [8] [9] although there is no high-quality research proving effectiveness or safety of any such uses. [10] Taking sea buckthorn oil as a dietary supplement does not help with eczema. [11]

It has been used in Asian and Russian traditional medicine for centuries. [10] In a few East Asian countries, the fruit pulp oil is put on skin burns. [5]

Research

Preliminary research on sea buckthorn oil has been conducted for its potential biological properties, but, as of 2022, there is no high-quality evidence it has any confirmed clinical uses. [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lycopene</span> Carotenoid pigment

Lycopene is an organic compound classified as a tetraterpene and a carotene. Lycopene is a bright red carotenoid hydrocarbon found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables.

Vitamin E is a group of eight fat soluble compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Vitamin E deficiency, which is rare and usually due to an underlying problem with digesting dietary fat rather than from a diet low in vitamin E, can cause nerve problems. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant which may help protect cell membranes from reactive oxygen species. Worldwide, government organizations recommend adults consume in the range of 3 to 15 mg per day. As of 2016, consumption was below recommendations according to a worldwide summary of more than one hundred studies that reported a median dietary intake of 6.2 mg per day for alpha-tocopherol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grape seed oil</span> Liquid fat derived from grape seeds

Grape seed oil is a vegetable oil derived from the seeds of grapes. A by-product of the winemaking industry, it is typically used for edible applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oleic acid</span> Monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid

Oleic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is an odorless, colorless oil, although commercial samples may be yellowish. In chemical terms, oleic acid is classified as a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid, abbreviated with a lipid number of 18:1 cis-9, and a main product of Δ9-desaturase. It has the formula CH3−(CH2)7−CH=CH−(CH2)7−COOH. The name derives from the Latin word oleum, which means oil. It is the most common fatty acid in nature. The salts and esters of oleic acid are called oleates. It is a common component of oils, and thus occurs in many types of food, as well as in soap.

<i>Hippophae</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae

Hippophae is the genus of sea buckthorns, deciduous shrubs in the family Elaeagnaceae. The name sea buckthorn may be hyphenated to avoid confusion with the unrelated true buckthorns. It is also referred to as sandthorn, sallowthorn, or seaberry. It produces orange-yellow berries, which have been used over centuries as food, traditional medicine, and skin treatment in Mongolia, Ladakh, Russia, Ukraine, and northern Europe, which are its origin regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stanol ester</span> Class of chemical compounds

Stanol esters is a heterogeneous group of chemical compounds known to reduce the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in blood when ingested, though to a much lesser degree than prescription drugs such as statins. The starting material is phytosterols from plants. These are first hydrogenated to give a plant stanol which is then esterified with a mixture of fatty acids also derived from plants. Plant stanol esters are found naturally occurring in small quantities in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, cereals, legumes, and vegetable oils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saponification value</span> Milligrams of a base required to saponify 1g of fat

Saponification value or saponification number represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required to saponify one gram of fat under the conditions specified. It is a measure of the average molecular weight of all the fatty acids present in the sample in form of triglycerides. The higher the saponification value, the lower the fatty acids average length, the lighter the mean molecular weight of triglycerides and vice versa. Practically, fats or oils with high saponification value are more suitable for soap making.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mink oil</span> Oil derived from the fat of mink

Mink oil is an oil used in medical and cosmetic products. It is obtained by the rendering of mink fat which has been removed from pelts bound for the fur industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pumpkin seed oil</span> Oil from the seeds of pumpkins

Pumpkin seed oil is a culinary oil, used especially in eastern Europe.

<i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Elaeagnaceae

Hippophae rhamnoides, also known as sea-buckthorn, is a species of flowering plant in the family Elaeagnaceae, native to the cold-temperate regions of Europe and Asia. It is a spiny deciduous shrub. The plant is used in the food and cosmetics industries, in traditional medicine, as animal fodder, in horticulture, and for ecological purposes.

The vitamin E family comprises four tocotrienols and four tocopherols. The critical chemical structural difference between tocotrienols and tocopherols is that tocotrienols have unsaturated isoprenoid side chains with three carbon-carbon double bonds versus saturated side chains for tocopherols.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palmitoleic acid</span> Chemical compound

Palmitoleic acid, or (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid, is an omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid (16:1n-7) with the formula CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH. It is a rare component of fats. It is a common constituent of the glycerides of human adipose tissue. It is present in all tissues but, in general, found in higher concentrations in the liver.

Grapefruit seed extract (GSE), also known as citrus seed extract, is a liquid extract derived from the seeds, pulp, and white membranes of grapefruit. GSE is prepared by grinding the grapefruit seed and juiceless pulp, then mixing with glycerin. Commercially available GSEs sold to consumers are made from the seed, pulp, and glycerin blended together. GSE is sold as a dietary supplement and is used in cosmetics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avocado oil</span> Edible oil pressed from the pulp of avocados

Avocado oil is an edible oil extracted from the pulp of avocados, the fruit of Persea americana. It is used as an edible oil both raw and for cooking, where it is noted for its high smoke point. It is also used for lubrication and in cosmetics.

Rose hip seed oil is a pressed seed oil, extracted from the seeds of the wild rose bush Rosa rubiginosa in the southern Andes. Rosehip seed oil can also be extracted from Rosa canina, a wild rose species native to Europe, northwest Africa, and western Asia. The fruits of the rosehip have been used in folk medicine for a long time. Rosehips have prophylactic and therapeutic actions against the common cold, infectious diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, urinary tract diseases, and inflammatory diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marula oil</span>

Marula oil is extracted from the kernels (nuts) of the fruits of the Marula tree, from the family Anacardiaceae. There are two types of marula oil, the oil extracted from the seeds and the oil extracted from the nut's hard shell. Marula oil is traditionally used in cosmetics, in food as a cooking oil and meat preservative and to treat leather. Marula oil can also be used as body lotion. In Namibia Marula fruit is processed into a range of juices, jellies and jams.

Sacha inchi nut oil is extracted by pressing it from the seeds and flesh of the fruit from the Plukenetia volubilis, or pracaxi, a tree native to the area surrounding the Amazon River.

Kalahari melon oil also known as Tsamma (Damara/Nama), wild watermelon (English), bitterboela, karkoer (Afrikaans), wild watermelon, makatane (Setswana) or Mokaté oil, is a plant oil, extracted from the seeds of the Kalahari melon (Citrullus vulgaris), which is endemic to the Kalahari Desert, spanning Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. Being one of 1,200 varieties of melon, Kalahari melon oil is distinct from regular watermelon seed oil. The seed of the Kalahari melon consists of approximately 50% oil, 35% protein and 5% dietary fibre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Styrian oil pumpkin</span> Cultivar of pumpkin

The Styrian oil pumpkin, also known as the Styrian pumpkin, is a variety of the common pumpkin which is cultivated to produce pumpkin seed oil.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Yang B, Kallio HP (April 2001). "Fatty acid composition of lipids in sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) berries of different origins". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (4): 1939–1947. doi:10.1021/jf001059s. ISSN   0021-8561. PMID   11308350.
  2. 1 2 Andersson SC, Olsson ME, Johansson E, Rumpunen K (January 2009). "Carotenoids in sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berries during ripening and use of pheophytin a as a maturity marker". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 57 (1): 250–8. doi:10.1021/jf802599f. PMID   19125686. S2CID   29020397.
  3. 1 2 Kallio H, Yang B, Peippo P, Tahvonen R, Pan R (April 2002). "Triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols in berries and seeds of two subspecies (ssp. sinensis and mongolica) of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50 (10): 3004–3009. doi:10.1021/jf011556o. ISSN   0021-8561. PMID   11982433.
  4. 1 2 Yang B, Karlsson RM, Oksman PH, Kallio HP (March 2001). "Phytosterols in sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) berries: identification and effects of different origins and harvesting times". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (11): 5620–5629. doi:10.1021/jf010813m. ISSN   0021-8561. PMID   11714369.
  5. 1 2 3 Zielińska A, Nowak I (May 2017). "Abundance of active ingredients in sea-buckthorn oil". Lipids in Health and Disease. 16 (1): 95. doi: 10.1186/s12944-017-0469-7 . PMC   5438513 . PMID   28526097.
  6. ↑ Gâtlan, Anca-Mihaela; Gutt, Gheorghe (2021-08-26). "Sea Buckthorn in Plant Based Diets. An Analytical Approach of Sea Buckthorn Fruits Composition: Nutritional Value, Applications, and Health Benefits". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (17): 8986. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18178986 . ISSN   1661-7827. PMC   8431556 . PMID   34501575.
  7. ↑ Bal LM, Meda V, Naik SN, Satya S (2011). "Sea buckthorn berries: a potential source of valuable nutrients for nutraceuticals and cosmoceuticals". Food Research International. 44 (7): 1718–1727. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.002. ISSN   0963-9969.
  8. ↑ Koskovac M, Cupara S, Kipic M, Barjaktarevic A, Milovanovic O, Kojicic K, Markovic M (2017). "Sea Buckthorn Oil—A Valuable Source for Cosmeceuticals". Cosmetics. 4 (4): 40. doi: 10.3390/cosmetics4040040 .
  9. ↑ "Sea buckthorn". WebMD. 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 "Sea buckthorn". Drugs.com. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  11. ↑ Bath-Hextall FJ, Jenkinson C, Humphreys R, Williams HC (February 2012). "Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (2): CD005205. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005205.pub3. PMC   10657459 . PMID   22336810.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.