Selenium yeast

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Selenium yeast is a feed additive for livestock, used to increase the selenium content in their fodder. It is a form of selenium currently approved for human consumption in the EU and Britain. [1] Inorganic forms of selenium are used in feeds (namely sodium selenate and sodium selenite, which appear to work in roughly the same manner). Since these products can be patented, producers can demand premium prices. [2] It is produced by fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) in a selenium-rich media. [3]

Contents

There is considerable variability in products described as Se-yeast and the selenium compounds found within. Many manufacturers and products on the market are simply mixtures of largely inorganic selenium and some yeast. [4] Selenium is found in different forms based upon the food in which it is found. For instance, the form found in mustard and garlic is different from the form found in wheat or corn. In some products, the added selenium is structurally substituted for sulfur in the amino acid methionine, thus forming an organic chemical called selenomethionine via the same pathways and enzymes. Owing to its similarity to sulfur-containing methionine, selenomethionine is mistaken for an amino acid by the yeast anabolism and incorporated in its proteins. It has been claimed that selenomethionine makes a better source of dietary selenium in animal nutrition, since it is an organic chemical compound sometimes found in some common crops such as wheat. [3] [5]

Animal feed additive

Large amounts of selenium are toxic; however, it is physiologically necessary for animals in extremely small amounts. Many other uncharacterized selenium-containing organic chemicals are also produced by a method similar to that of selenomethionine; some have recently been characterized but remain relatively unknown, such as S-seleno-methyl-glutathione and glutathione-S-selenoglutathione. [3] [4] Due to this, the European Union has questioned the safety and potential toxicity of this food supplement for humans, and it may not be used as an additive after 2002.

G.N Schrauzer, who has written two papers about selenomethionine, claims it should be an essential amino acid, and that the product is completely safe. [3] The European Food Safety Authority does allow the use of selenomethionine as a feed additive for animals. [6] Because organic forms of selenium appear to be excreted from the body slower than inorganic forms, products enriched with organic selenium might detrimentally bioaccumulate in the body. Because selenium-enriched foods contain much more selenium than natural foods, selenium toxicity is a potential problem, and such foods must be treated with caution. [4] The EU allows up to 300 micrograms of selenium per day, but one long-term study of selenium supplementation showed no evidence of toxicity at a dose as high as 800 micrograms per day. [7]

An organic selenium-containing chemical found in selenium yeast has been shown to differ in bioavailability and metabolism compared with common inorganic forms of dietary selenium. [8] Dietary supplementation using selenium yeast is ineffective in the production of antioxidants in bovine milk compared to inorganic selenium (sodium selenate). [9] One study examined if increased selenium in the diet of mutant mice (via a selenium yeast product) caused a higher production of selenium-containing enzymes which have an antioxidant effect. The effect was modest. [10]

Selenium supplementation in yeast form has been shown to increase pig selenium-containing antioxidant enzymes, [11] broiler growth and meat quality, [12] [13] the shelf life of turkey and rooster semen, [14] [15] [16] and possibly cattle fertility. [17]

Selenium supplementation in animal feeds may be profitable for agribusinesses. It may be possible to market selenium-fortified foods to consumers as functional foods, such as selenium-enriched eggs, meat, [18] [19] [20] [21] or milk. [9]

Sel-Plex®

A patented cultivar of yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae 'CNCM I-3060') marketed as Sel-Plex® has been approved for use in animal fodder:

Analytical chemistry

Total selenium in selenium yeast can be reliably determined using open acid digestion to extract selenium from the yeast matrix followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. [24] Determination of the selenium species selenomethionine can be achieved via proteolytic digestion of selenium yeast followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. [25] [26] [27]

See also

Nutritional muscular dystrophy

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selenium</span> Chemical element, symbol Se and atomic number 34

Selenium is a chemical element; it has symbol Se and atomic number 34. It is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between the elements above and below in the periodic table, sulfur and tellurium, and also has similarities to arsenic. It seldom occurs in its elemental state or as pure ore compounds in Earth's crust. Selenium was discovered in 1817 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who noted the similarity of the new element to the previously discovered tellurium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taurine</span> Aminosulfonic acid not incorporated into proteins

Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a non-proteinogenic amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal tissues. It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine, and accounts for up to 0.1% of total human body weight.

A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures, such as hair, scales, feathers, or exoskeletons. Some nutrients can be metabolically converted to smaller molecules in the process of releasing energy, such as for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and fermentation products, leading to end-products of water and carbon dioxide. All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals are the energy sources, some of the amino acids that are combined to create proteins, a subset of fatty acids, vitamins and certain minerals. Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves. Fungi live on dead or living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host.

In molecular biology a selenoprotein is any protein that includes a selenocysteine amino acid residue. Among functionally characterized selenoproteins are five glutathione peroxidases (GPX) and three thioredoxin reductases, (TrxR/TXNRD) which both contain only one Sec. Selenoprotein P is the most common selenoprotein found in the plasma. It is unusual because in humans it contains 10 Sec residues, which are split into two domains, a longer N-terminal domain that contains 1 Sec, and a shorter C-terminal domain that contains 9 Sec. The longer N-terminal domain is likely an enzymatic domain, and the shorter C-terminal domain is likely a means of safely transporting the very reactive selenium atom throughout the body.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astaxanthin</span> Chemical compound

Astaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid within a group of chemical compounds known as terpenes. Astaxanthin is a metabolite of zeaxanthin and canthaxanthin, containing both hydroxyl and ketone functional groups. It is a lipid-soluble pigment with red coloring properties, which result from the extended chain of conjugated double bonds at the center of the compound. The presence of the hydroxyl functional groups and the hydrophobic hydrocarbons render the molecule amphiphilic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canthaxanthin</span> Chemical compound

Canthaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoids belong to a larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenoids. The chemical formula of canthaxanthin is C40H52O2. It was first isolated in edible mushrooms. It has also been found in green algae, bacteria, crustaceans, and bioaccumulates in fish such as carp, golden grey mullet, seabream and trush wrasse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selenomethionine</span> Chemical compound

Selenomethionine (SeMet) is a naturally occurring amino acid. The L-selenomethionine enantiomer is the main form of selenium found in Brazil nuts, cereal grains, soybeans, and grassland legumes, while Se-methylselenocysteine, or its γ-glutamyl derivative, is the major form of selenium found in Astragalus, Allium, and Brassica species. In vivo, selenomethionine is randomly incorporated instead of methionine. Selenomethionine is readily oxidized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glucomannan</span> Chemical compound

Glucomannan is a water-soluble polysaccharide that is considered a dietary fiber. It is a hemicellulose component in the cell walls of some plant species. Glucomannan is a food additive used as an emulsifier and thickener. It is a major source of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) found in nature, the other being galactomannan, which is insoluble.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium selenite</span> Chemical compound

Sodium selenite is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2SeO3. This salt is a colourless solid. The pentahydrate Na2SeO3(H2O)5 is the most common water-soluble selenium compound.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selenium compounds</span> Chemical compounds containing selenium

Selenium compounds are compounds containing the element selenium (Se). Among these compounds, selenium has various oxidation states, the most common ones being −2, +4, and +6. Selenium compounds exist in nature in the form of various minerals, such as clausthalite, guanajuatite, tiemannite, crookesite etc., and can also coexist with sulfide minerals such as pyrite and chalcopyrite. For many mammals, selenium compounds are essential. For example, selenomethionine and selenocysteine are selenium-containing amino acids present in the human body. Selenomethionine participates in the synthesis of selenoproteins. The reduction potential and pKa (5.47) of selenocysteine are lower than those of cysteine, making some proteins have antioxidant activity. Selenium compounds have important applications in semiconductors, glass and ceramic industries, medicine, metallurgy and other fields.

Natural growth promoters (NGPs) are feed additives for farm animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium selenate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium selenate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na
2SeO
4, not to be confused with sodium selenite. It exists as the anhydrous salt, the heptahydrate, and the decahydrate. These are white, water-soluble solids. The decahydrate is a common ingredient in multivitamins and livestock feed as a source of selenium. The anhydrous salt is used in the production of some glass. Although the selenates are much more toxic, many physical properties of sodium selenate and sodium sulfate are similar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal feed</span> Food for various animals

Animal feed is food given to domestic animals, especially livestock, in the course of animal husbandry. There are two basic types: fodder and forage. Used alone, the word feed more often refers to fodder. Animal feed is an important input to animal agriculture, and is frequently the main cost of the raising or keeping of animals. Farms typically try to reduce cost for this food, by growing their own, grazing animals, or supplementing expensive feeds with substitutes, such as food waste like spent grain from beer brewing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chelates in animal nutrition</span>

Chelates in animal feed is jargon for metalloorganic compounds added to animal feed. The compounds provide sources of various metals that improve the health or marketability of the animal. Typical metals salts are derived from cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. The objective of supplementation with trace minerals is to avoid a variety of deficiency diseases. Trace minerals carry out key functions in relation to many metabolic processes, most notably as cofactors for enzymes and hormones, and are essential for optimum health, growth and productivity. For example, supplementary minerals help ensure good growth, bone development, feathering in birds, hoof, skin and hair quality in mammals, enzyme structure and functions, and appetite. Deficiency of trace minerals affect many metabolic processes and so may be manifested by different symptoms, such as poor growth and appetite, reproductive failures, impaired immune responses, and general ill-thrift. From the 1950s to the 1990s most trace mineral supplementation of animal diets was in the form of inorganic minerals, and these largely eradicated associated deficiency diseases in farm animals. The role in fertility and reproductive diseases of dairy cattle highlights that organic forms of Zn are retained better than inorganic sources and so may provide greater benefit in disease prevention, notably mastitis and lameness.

Selenium deficiency occurs when an organism lacks the required levels of selenium, a critical nutrient in many species. Deficiency, although relatively rare in healthy well-nourished individuals, can have significant negative results, affecting the health of the heart and the nervous system; contributing to depression, anxiety, and dementia; and interfering with reproduction and gestation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selenium in biology</span> Use of Selenium by organisms

Selenium is an essential micronutrient for animals, though it is toxic in large doses. In plants, it sometimes occurs in toxic amounts as forage, e.g. locoweed. Selenium is a component of the amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine. In humans, selenium is a trace element nutrient that functions as cofactor for glutathione peroxidases and certain forms of thioredoxin reductase. Selenium-containing proteins are produced from inorganic selenium via the intermediacy of selenophosphate (PSeO33−).

Canadian Reference Materials (CRM) are certified reference materials of high-quality and reliability produced by the National Metrology Institute of Canada – the National Research Council Canada. The NRC Certified Reference Materials program is operated by the Measurement Science and Standards portfolio and provides CRMs for environmental, biotoxin, food, nutritional supplement, and stable isotope analysis. The program was established in 1976 to produce CRMs for inorganic and organic marine environmental analysis and remains internationally recognized producer of CRMs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methylselenocysteine</span> Chemical compound

Methylselenocysteine, also known as Se-methylselenocysteine, is an analog of S-methylcysteine in which the sulfur atom is replaced with a selenium atom. It is an inhibitor of DMBA-induced mammary tumors and a "chemopreventive agent that blocks cell cycle progression and proliferation of premalignant mammary lesions and induces apoptosis of cancer cell lines in culture."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsonic acid (functional group)</span>

Arsonic acids are a subset of organoarsenic compounds defined as oxyacids where a pentavalent arsenic atom is bonded to two hydroxyl groups, a third oxygen atom, and an organic substituent. The salts/conjugate bases of arsonic acids are called arsonates. Like all arsenic-containing compounds, arsonic acids are toxic and carcinogenic to humans.

References

  1. ↑ "Guidance notes on legislation implementing Directive 2002/46/EC on food supplements".
  2. 1 2 European Food Safety Authority (2006). "Opinion of the scientific panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed on the safety and efficacy of the product Sel-Plex®2000 as a feed additive according to regulation (EC) No 1831/2003". EFSA Journal. 4 (5): 1–40. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.348 .
  3. 1 2 3 4 Schrauzer G (2006). "Selenium yeast: composition, quality, analysis, and safety". Pure Appl Chem. 78: 105–109. doi: 10.1351/pac200678010105 .
  4. 1 2 3 Rayman M, Infante H, Sargent M (2008). "Food-chain selenium and human health: spotlight on speciation". Br J Nutr. 100 (2): 238–253. doi: 10.1017/s0007114508922522 . PMID   18346307.
  5. ↑ Schrauzer GN (2003). The nutritional significance, metabolism and toxicology of selenomethionine. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. Vol. 47. pp. 73–112. doi:10.1016/s1043-4526(03)47002-2. ISBN   9780120164479. PMID   14639782.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Commission of the European Communities. Commission regulation (EC) No 1750/2006 of 27 November 2006 concerning the authorisation of selenomethionine as a feed additive [online]. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:330:0009:0011:EN:PDF. Accessed January 21.
  7. ↑ Rayman, Margaret P. (October 2004). "The use of high-selenium yeast to raise selenium status: how does it measure up?". British Journal of Nutrition. 92 (4): 557–573. doi: 10.1079/bjn20041251 . PMID   15522125. S2CID   5015850.
  8. ↑ Schrauzer G. Selenomethionine: A review of its nutritional significance, metabolism and toxicity" J Nutr 2000;130:1653-1656.
  9. 1 2 Ravn-Haren G, Bugel S, Krath B, et al. (2008). "A short-term intervention trial with selenate, selenium-enriched yeast and selenium-enriched milk: effects on oxidative defence regulation". Br J Nutr. 99 (4): 883–892. doi: 10.1017/s0007114507825153 . PMID   17888202.
  10. ↑ Lovell M, Xiong S, Lyubartseva G, Markesbery W (2009). "Organoselenium (Sel-Plex diet) decreases amyloid burden and RNA and DNA oxidative damage in APP/PS1 mice". Free Radic. Biol. Med. 46 (11): 1527–1533. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.03.008. PMC   2683469 . PMID   19303433.
  11. ↑ Sarkuniene C, Oberauskas V, Baranauskiene D, et al. (2010). "The impact of forage additive Sel-Plex containing organic selenium (Se) on morphological and biochemical blood parameters and activity enzymes GPx and δ-ALRD in fattening pigs". Vet Med Zoot. 50: 88–92.
  12. ↑ Pappas A, Acamovic T, Surai PF, McDevitt R. Maternal organo-selenium compounds and polyunsaturated fatty acids affect progeny performance and levels of selenium and docosahexaenoic acid in the chick tissues. Poult Sci 2006;85:1610-1620.
  13. ↑ Zhao L, Xu S, Zhao R, Peng Z, Pan X. "Effects of selenium and methionine supplementation of breeder hen diets on selenium concentration and oxidative stability of lipids in the thigh muscles of progeny. J Food Sci 2009;74:C569-AC574.
  14. ↑ Dimitrov S, Atanasov V, Surai PF, Denev S (2007). "Effect of organic selenium on turkey semen quality during liquid storage". Anim Reprod Sci . 100 (3–4): 311–317. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.07.007. PMID   16935439.
  15. ↑ Slowinska M, Jankowski J, Dietrich G, et al. (2011). "Effect of organic and inorganic forms of selenium in diets on turkey semen quality". Poult Sci. 90 (1): 181–190. doi: 10.3382/ps.2010-00956 . PMID   21177458.
  16. ↑ Ebeid T (2009). "Organic selenium enhances the antioxidative status and quality of cockerel semen under high ambient temperature". Br Poult Sci. 50 (5): 641–647. doi:10.1080/00071660903303415. PMID   19904644. S2CID   27779405.
  17. ↑ Thatcher W, Santos J, Silvestre F, Kim I, Staples C (2010). "Perspective on physiological⁄endocrine and nutritional factors influencing fertility in post-partum dairy cows". Reprod Dom Anim. 45: 2–14. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01664.x. PMID   24417194.
  18. ↑ Surai PF, Karadas F, Pappas A, Sparks N (2006). "Effect of organic selenium in quail diet on its accumulation in tissues and transfer to the progeny". Br Poult Sci. 47 (1): 65–72. doi:10.1080/00071660500475244. PMID   16546799. S2CID   19679504.
  19. ↑ Navas-Carretero S, Cuervo M, Abete I, Zulet M, Martinez J (2010). "Frequent consumption of selenium-enriched chicken meat by adults causes weight loss and maintains their antioxidant status". Biol Trace Elem Res. 143 (1): 8–19. doi:10.1007/s12011-010-8831-x. PMID   20809267. S2CID   8561408.
  20. ↑ Fisinin V, Papazyan T, Surai PF (2009). "Producing selenium-enriched eggs and meat to improve the selenium status of the general population". Crit Rev Biotechnol. 29 (1): 18–28. doi:10.1080/07388550802658030. PMID   19514900. S2CID   35928188.
  21. ↑ Mahan D. Organic selenium fed to swine - its potential impact on human health issues. In: Midwest Swine Nutrition Conference. Indianapolis, IN, 2005.
  22. ↑ Sel-Plex receives authorisation [online]. Available at: http://www.allaboutfeed.net/news/sel-plex-receives-authorisation-id98.html. Accessed January 21.
  23. ↑ Organic Materials Review Institute. Sel-Plex [online]. Available at: http://www.omri.org/simple-opl-search/results/sel-plex. Accessed January 21.
  24. ↑ Connolly C, Power R, Hynes M (2004). "Validation of method for total selenium determination in yeast by flame atomic absorption spectrometry". Biol Trace Elem Res. 100 (1): 87–94. doi:10.1385/bter:100:1:087. PMID   15258322. S2CID   28815488.
  25. ↑ European Food Safety Authority. Selenium-enriched yeast as source for selenium added for nutritional purposes in foods for particular nutritional uses and foods (including food supplements) for the general population: Scientific opinion of the panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food. EFSA Journal 2008;766:1-42.
  26. ↑ B'Hymer C, Caruso J (2006). "Selenium speciation analysis using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry". J Chromatogr A. 1114 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.063. PMID   16551466.
  27. ↑ Lobinski R, Edmonds J, Suzuki K, Uden P (2000). "Species-selective determination of selenium compounds in biological materials". Pure Appl Chem. 72 (3): 447–461. doi: 10.1351/pac200072030447 .
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