Shahverdi Khan of Ganja | |
---|---|
Khan of Ganja | |
Reign | 1747 – 1768 |
Successor | Muhammad Hasan Khan |
Died | 1768 Ganja, Ganja Khanate |
Noble family | Ziyadoghlu Qajar |
Father | Kelb Ali Musahib-Ganjavi |
Shahverdi Khan Ziyadoghlu (died 1768) was the beylerbey of Karabakh from 1740 to 1743 and first khan of Ganja from 1747 to 1760. He was from the Ziyadoglu branch of the Qajar clan who ruled the Beylerbeylik of Karabakh as hereditary governors. [1] [2]
After the dethronement of the Safavids in 1736 by Nader Shah, the landed classes of Ganja and Karabakh gathered in Mughan and decided to oppose the new shah and agreed to try to restore the Safavids to the throne. His father Ughurlu Khan was among them. When this news reached Nader Shah, he ordered all Muslim landowners of the region and their families deported to Khorasan (northeastern Iran) as punishment. Ughurlu Khan's lands on the other hand were divided - the Zangezur district was given to the beglarbeg (governor-general) of Tabriz; the autonomy of the Armenian Melikdoms was restored, and Borchalu, Qazzaq and Shamshadil were given to the Georgian king Teimuraz II of Kakheti (r. 1732–1762). Ughurlu Khan was thus only left with Ganja and its surroundings. Ughurlu was later killed in November 1738 during a campaign together with Nader's brother Ebrahim against Qazikumukh.
Shahverdi became beylerbey in 1740, succeeding his father. However, he later supported Sam Mirza, a pretender who claimed to be son of Shah Soltan Hussein and was forced to seek exile in Georgia [3] after facing an attack from Nasrullah Mirza, son of Nader. [4] Nader appointed his tupchibashi Hajji Khan from Çemişgezek as new beylerbey. Soon after Nader's assassination in 1747 and the ensuing anarchy in Iran, he defeated and killed his brother or uncle Muhammadrahim with help from Melik Atham of Jraberd. [5] He also defeated Hajji with help from Teimuraz II and Heraclius II, [6] to whom in return he pledged an annual tribute of 10.000 tomans. [7] New contender for Iranian throne, Amir Aslan Khan Afshar, the governor of Azerbaijan soon emerged in the region and attacked Ganja but was defeated near Barda in 1748 by Shahverdi Khan.
In ensuing years, his neighbor to the south Panah Ali Khan grew his power and took Zangezur - which was previously belonged to Shahverdi's ancestors - from Nader's brother. This caused a brief alliance between Ganja, the Khanate of Shaki and the remaining Melikdoms of Karabakh. As a result, Panah attacked Shahverdi in 1749 and subdued him, forcing Shahverdi's daughter Tuti to marry his son Ibrahim Khalil alongside 450 tomans of tribute. According to Mirza Adigozal bey, he also kept his sons (one of them being future Javad Khan) as hostage in Shahbulag. Under pressure from all directions, Shahverdi even appealed Ottomans for alliance in 1750, citing absence of a shah in Iran. [8]
In 1750 and 1752, Teimuraz II of Kakheti attacked Ganja and forced Panah Ali to retreat from area at the request of Shahverdi who sent his brother Reza Qoli as an envoy. [9] Heraclius then allied himself to Haji Chalabi of Shaki to raid Djaro-Belokani, only to be betrayed by the latter, who defeated the Georgian army. Using this opportunity, Panah Ali allied himself with Shahverdi Khan, Kazim Khan of Karadagh, Hasan Ali Khan of Erivan, Heydarqoli Khan of Nakhchivan against Haji Chalabi of Shaki the same year and invited Heraclius II of Georgia to their alliance. During the negotiations near Qızılqaya, the Georgian detachments, hiding in ambush, surrounded and captured five khans along with their retinue. Haji Chalabi, having learned about the conspiracy of Heraclius II, gathered an army and began to pursue Heraclius, attacked him and defeated him in the battle at the river Aghstafa, having freed all the captured khans. Haji Chelebi appointed his son Agha Kishi beg as ruler of newly conquered lands.
Effectively Haji Chalabi's vassal now, he joined the campaign led by Agha Kishi beg against Teimuraz in 1752, but didn't achieve any results. He later joined the campaign led by Haji and Muhammad II of Tabasaran against Karabakh Khanate in 1754, forcing Panah Ali to return some territories to Shahverdi. In 1757, Muhammad Hasan Khan arrived in Karabakh to gather troops to fight against Karim Khan Zand. Panah Ali refused to join his armies and battled against the Qajar troops. Muhammad Hasan Khan soon left for Iran and left his cannons in the area, which were later taken by Panah Ali. [10] Panah later accused Shahverdi of inviting Muhammad Hasan to region and sent his son Ibrahim against him, who managed to capture the city and send the khan to Shusha. However, he soon faced another invasion from south, this time by Fath-Ali Khan Afshar, Khan of Urmia, in 1759. Using the opportunity, Shahverdi fled from prison and submitted to him, who reinstalled him as khan in Ganja. Shahverdi managed to get support from Teimuraz again in 1761. [11]
He was assassinated by one of his subordinates in 1768. He was succeeded by his son Muhammad Hasan Khan in 1768, [12] [13] however some sources consider 1761 as his succession year. [14]
He had several sons and daughters with his wives Sharafjahan Khanum and Gulgoncha (an Armenian): [15]
The Battle of Krtsanisi was fought between the army of Qajar Iran (Persia) and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from September 8 to September 11, 1795, as part of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's war in response to King Heraclius II of Georgia’s alliance with the Russian Empire. The battle resulted in the decisive defeat of the Georgians, capture, and complete destruction of their capital Tbilisi, as well as the temporary absorption of eastern parts of Georgia into the Iranian empire.
The Karabakh Khanate was a khanate under Iranian and later Russian suzerainty, which controlled the historical region of Karabakh, now divided between modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan. In terms of structure, the Karabakh Khanate was a miniature version of Iranian kingship. The administrative and literary language in Karabakh until the end of the 19th century was Persian, with Arabic being used only for religious studies, despite the fact that most of the Muslims in the region spoke a Turkic dialect.
The Ganja Khanate was a khanate under Iranian suzerainty, which controlled the town of Ganja and its surroundings, now located in present-day Azerbaijan.
The Shaki Khanate was a khanate under Iranian and later Russian suzerainty, which controlled the town of Shaki and its surroundings, now located in present-day Azerbaijan.
Ibrahim Khalil Khan Javanshir was the second khan of the Karabakh Khanate from the Javanshir family. He was the son and successor of Panah-Ali khan Javanshir.
Panah Ali Khan Javanshir was the founder and first ruler of the Karabakh Khanate under Persian suzerainty.
Javad Khan Qajar ; c. 1748 – 1804) was a member Ziyadoghlu Qajar, a clan of the Qajar tribe, as well as the sixth and the last khan of the Ganja Khanate from 1786 to 1804 before it was lost to Russia.
The Javanshirs are a Turkic clan from Karabakh, who are a branch of the Oghuz Turks. Between 1748 and 1822, members of the Javanshir clan functioned as the head of the Karabakh Khanate.
Haji Chalabi Khan, was a statesman, warlord, ruler and founder of Shaki Khanate.
Agha Baji Javanshir was an Iranian poet and public speaker, who was the twelfth wife of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, the Qajar shah (king) of Iran. She was the daughter of Ibrahim Khalil Khan, the governor of the Karabakh Khanate.
Mehdi Qoli Khan Javanshir was the last Khan of the Karabakh Khanate, functioning as its head from 1806 to 1822. His only known issue was Khurshidbanu Natavan, a famous Azerbaijani poet.
Fatali Khan or Fath Ali Khan of Quba was a khan of the Quba Khanate (1758–1789) who also managed to dominate the Derbent, Baku, Talysh and Shirvan Khanates, as well as the Salyan Sultanate during much of his reign.
Muhammad Hasan Khan was the second Khan of Ganja from 1768 to 1780 from the Ziyadoglu branch of the Qajar clan who ruled the Beylerbeylik of Karabakh as hereditary governors.
Mirza Muhammad Khan I was the founding Khan of the Baku Khanate. He was a descendant of the Iranian garrison commander of Baku of 1723.
Shamshadil was a sultanate in the South Caucasus established in 1747. It was located in what is now northeastern Armenia and northwestern Azerbaijan.
Mirza Jamal Javanshir was a secretary and historian under the Karabakh Khanate and later the Russian Empire. He is principally known as the author of the Persian-language historical chronicle Tarikh-e Qarabagh.
Fazl Ali-bey Javanshir was a member of the Karabakh Javanshir tribe, the elder brother of Panahali Khan Javanshir. He worked as viceroy (naib) and master of ceremonies of Nadir Shah Afshar.
Muhammad Khan, Mammad Khan or Muhammad II of Ganja was the third Khan of Ganja from 1768 to 1780 from the Ziyadoglu branch of the Qajar clan who ruled the Beylerbeylik of Karabakh as hereditary governors.
Ziyadoghlu Qajar or Ziyadlu were a branch of Qajar tribe that ruled Safavid Karabakh from 1546–1554 to 1743, Astarabad in various times, Ganja Khanate from 1747 to 1805 and Iravān Khanate from 1755 to 1828. Some authors suggested that, Qovanlu branch of Qajars who ruled Iran from 1789 to 1925, which is currently better known as Qajar dynasty was a cadet-branch of Ziyadoghlu family.
Ughurlu Khan or Oghurlu Khan was a claimant to Khanate of Ganja and a member Ziyadoghlu Qajar, a clan of the Qajar tribe.
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