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Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Botswana is topographically flat, with approximately 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. It is connected by the Kazungula Bridge to Zambia, across the world's shortest border between two countries.
Politics of Botswana takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Botswana is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Botswana. In part because the party system has been dominated by the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), which has never lost power since the country gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1966, the Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Botswana as a "flawed democracy."
Elections in Botswana take place within the framework of a multi-party democracy and a parliamentary system. The National Assembly is mostly directly elected, and in turn elects the President and some of its own members. The Ntlo ya Dikgosi is a mixture of appointed, hereditary and indirectly elected members.
The Botswana People's Party (BPP), originally the Bechuanaland People's Party, is a political party in Botswana formed in December 1960 during the colonial era. As a result of disappointment with the Legislative Council, under the leadership of Kgalemang T. Motsete, an accomplished music composer and educationist, BPP became the first mass party to agitate for full independence.
The Ntlo ya Dikgosi in Botswana is an advisory body to the country's parliament.
The National Assembly is the sole legislative body of Botswana's unicameral Parliament, of which consists of the President and the National Assembly. The House passes laws, provides ministers to form Cabinet, and supervises the work of government. It is also responsible for adopting the country's budgets. It is advised by the Ntlo ya Dikgosi, a council of tribal chiefs which is not a house of Parliament.
The vice-president of Botswana is the second-highest executive official in the Government of Botswana. The vice-president is appointed by the president of Botswana among elected members of the National Assembly. The vice-president is the constitutional successor of the president in case of a vacancy. The current vice-president is Slumber Tsogwane.
The Sahrawi National Council (SNC) or Sahrawi Parliament is the legislature of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Its structure and competences are guided by the Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). The present speaker since 2020 is Hamma Salama.
Matlapeng Ray Molomo was a politician in Botswana. Molomo was Speaker of the National Assembly of Botswana 1999–2004, and was a member of the Pan-African Parliament. Molomo attended the University of Ottawa. He has been a cabinet minister, Member of Parliament, permanent secretary, under secretary, educational planner, college principal, researcher, university lecturer, author and president of the Botswana Football Association. The story of his upbringing is no different from that of a typical Motswana boy of yester-year, who grew up among older boys at the cattle post looking after his father's cattle.
Ronald Koone Sebego is a member of the Pan-African Parliament from Botswana and the National Assembly of Botswana. He is also a member of the Botswana Democratic Party.
Phandu Tombola Chaka Skelemani is a Motswana who is the current speaker of the National Assembly of Botswana. He served in the government of Botswana as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2008 to 2014. A member of the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Skelemani is a Member of Parliament in the National Assembly of Botswana and a member of the Pan-African Parliament from Botswana, and he served as Attorney-General of Botswana from 1992 to 2003.
Nehemiah Mmoloki Moduble is a member of the Pan-African Parliament from Botswana.
The Constitution of Botswana commenced on September 30, 1966.
The Botswana Ground Forces is the army of the country of Botswana, and the land component of the Botswana Defence Force.
The African Parliamentary Union, formerly the Union of African Parliaments, is a continental interparliamentary organization first established in Abidjan on 13 February 1976. The Union aims to bring together the parliamentary institutions of all the nations of Africa, to encourage contacts among African and world parliamentarians, and to strengthen and promote democracy and peace. Forty parliaments are members of the APU.
India recognized Botswana shortly after the latter's independence in 1966, and opened an embassy in Gaborone in 1987. Botswana opened its embassy in New Delhi in 2006.
Bogolo Joy Kenewendo is a Botswana global economist and politician with deep expertise in international trade and development. She has a particular focus on Pan-African development and a passion for accelerating digitization and innovation across the continent. She is the former Cabinet Minister of Investment, Trade and Industry of Botswana. Kenewendo was dropped from cabinet in November 2019. Since then, she serves as the Managing Director of Kenewendo Advisory, based in Gaborone, Botswana. She leads Molaya Kgosi Women Leadership and Mentorship Program and the Board Chair of Molaya Kgosi Trust.
Botswana continued to address the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022, including the discovery of the COVID-19 variant Omicron BA.4 and BA.5, with COVID-19 restrictions being relaxed in October. Continued disputes took place regarding the Botswana–Namibia border, though an open border was established in September. The rivalry between President Mokgweetsi Masisi and his predecessor Ian Khama escalated in 2022, accelerated by firearms charges against Khama and a warrant for his arrest. The government also saw controversy for its support of bills that would grant it additional espionage powers and regulate journalists.
References
- ↑ List of Members of the Pan African Parliament (March 15, 2004) Archived 18 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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