Social media and identity

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Key shortcuts to allow easy access to social media sites. Social Media Marketing Strategy.jpg
Key shortcuts to allow easy access to social media sites.

Social media can have both positive and negative impacts on a user's identity. Psychology and Communication scholars study the relationship between social media and identity in order to understand individual behavior, psychological impact, and social patterns. [1] [2] [3] Communication within political or social groups online can result in practice application of those identities or adoption of them as a whole. Young people, defined as emerging adults in or entering college, especially shape their identities through social media. [1]

Contents

Young adults

At the stage where a young adult becomes an emerging adult, individuals are especially influenced by social media. [4] Psychologists study methods of self-presentation to determine how a user's patterns and media participation affects their own identity. Young adults, through media literacies, can also find their identity as a part of a social group, such as feminists. [5] These studies are connected to building frameworks for educators on teaching media literacies. [6] Due to their fluency in media literacy, young people often contribute to these larger social identities through their networks, and unique style of communication when sharing information. [5]

Young Individuals have been found to be affected by what they take in on Social Media. Psychologists believe that at a time when young adults are coming into adolescence, they are more likely to be influenced by what they see on sites like Instagram or Twitter. More so directed towards the times of Identity Formation, as these individuals are impressionable and still creating their identity. With the advance of social media, most young adults will widely share, with varying degrees of accuracy, honesty, and openness, information that in the past would have been private or reserved for select individuals. Key questions include whether they accurately portray their identities online and whether the use of social media might impact young adults’ identity development. [7] Media Imagery, in particular, is said to be a major influence on the minds of young men and women. Studies have shown that it is even more relevant when it comes to the issue of body image. [8] Social Media, in part, has been created to host a safe haven for those who do not claim a solid identity in the material world, giving them a chance for exploration of other identities in the virtual concept. Psychologists and Scholars have noted that while past identities are not easy to escape from; the Internet is more permanent. [9]

Young children play with mobile phones and gaming devices. More digikids (5709857490) (2).jpg
Young children play with mobile phones and gaming devices.

Social media is an essential part of the social lives of young adults. [10] They rely on it to maintain relationships, create new relationships, and stay up to date with the world around them. Adolescents find social media to be extremely helpful when changing environments, like moving off to university for example. Social media provides students, especially first year students, the opportunity to create the identity they want the world to see. However, it has been seen that these students create online personas that may not reflect their true selves bringing up the issues of impression management. Social media provides young adults with the opportunity to present themselves as something other than their authentic self. [11]

Media literacy

The definition of media literacy has evolved over time to encompass a range of experiences that can occur in social media or other digital spaces. The definition of media literacy is also broad and wide ranging in its context.

Currently, media literacy includes being able to understand, apply, and share digital images and messages. [12] Educators teach media literacy skills because of the vulnerable relationship that young adults can have with social media. [13] Some examples of media literacy practices, particularly on Twitter, include using hashtags, live tweeting, and sharing information. [14] Overall, the goal of media literacy within social media is to keep young adults aware of potentially violent, graphic, or dangerous content that they may come across on the internet, and how to handle it with responsibility and safety in mind.

In order to be considered media-literate, a person must be able to take in media from online and social platforms and have the correct competencies and context to be able to organize the information. [15] In order to be considered media-literate, the digital information must be given to the user in a way that it can be put into the correct perspective and analyzed, deducted and synthesized. [15]

Browsing Instagram Browsing Instagram (Unsplash).jpg
Browsing Instagram

Teenagers and young adults can be vulnerable to specific content online outside of their age-range. Media literacy campaigns and education research shows that targeting those who fall into this age category would be the best way to understand and target their needs as young online users. [16]

There are multiple individual studies investigating social media identity relating to media literacy online, however there is a need for much more conclusive information that analyzes multiple studies at a time. Social media literacy is still considered an under-researched topic. [17] Many scholars in media literacy research emphasize the impact of training young adults to consume media in a safe way is the major solution for furthering internet education in children and young adults. [18] The more information the young adults are given on media literacy, the better prepared they are to enter the digital world confidently.

One scientific model that has been proposed, known as The Social Media Literacy (SMILE) model. This framework hypothesizes that at the core of this model is helping young adults truly know the meaning and display the actions of media literacy online. SMILE is also meant to inspire more research on the subject of media literacy as it relates to social media effects and young adult leaning abilities. [19] The model was applied through the lens of a social media positivity bias among adolescents and puts forth five different assumptions about social media and media literacy; [19]

  1. Social media literacy as a moderator (what is seen on social media)
  2. Social media literacy as a predictor (what is seen for specific individuals on social media)
  3. Media literacy within social media is a reciprocal process
  4. The development of social media literacy depends on a conditional process of variables affecting other variables
  5. Media literacy within social media is a differential learning process, and who teaches it is highly affective of the outcome

This model also stresses that human beings learn media literacy (and social media literacy) naturally as they go through life. [19] Research suggests that having young adults taught media literacy from an educator may make them less interested (and therefore less careful) of threats on social media. [19]

Self Presentation

People create images of themselves to present to the public, a process called self presentation. Depending on the demographic, presenting oneself as authentic can result in identity clarity. [20] Methods of self presentation can also be influenced by geography. The framework for this relationship between a user's location and their social media presentation is called the spatial self. [21] Users depict their spatial self in order to include their physical space as a part of their self presentation to an audience. [21]

Woman examining her own reflection in a mirror. Woman looking at her reflection in the mirror and smiling (51528984894).jpg
Woman examining her own reflection in a mirror.

In a 2018 research paper, it shares that patients of plastic surgeons have gone in and asked for specific snapchat "filter" features. This led to a theory of Snapchat Dysmorphia. Since the introduction to snapchat in 2011, more and more people each year are going into doctor offices and asking for smoother skin, bigger eyes, and fuller lips. It is creating a disconnect from who they are and who they want to be.

Social comparison theory is the idea that people are likely to compare themselves to people who are similar to them. Influencers have impacted this idea, we often watch people on the internet that we feel we can relate too. Within this theory there is 2 subcategories; Upward and downward comparison. Upward comparison is the idea that someone compares themselves to someone they feel is better than they are. Downward is the opposite, they compare themselves to someone they feel is worse off.

Cultivation theory is the more often people are going to be exposed to images of society's ideal body, the less they are going to realize the images are unrealistic

Self Schema Theory is the idea women use three points to determine how they view themself

  1. Socially ideal: ideal ways women are represented in media
  2. Objective body: how we view our own self
  3. Internalized ideal body: Internalizing media and how much they want to achieve it

Pescott (2020) study found that the use of Snapchat filters in preteens has a great impact on how they present themselves online. [22] Boys found filters to be more fun and used for entertainment, whereas girls used filters more as a beauty enhancer. This becomes dangerous for preteens who are not aware of when a filter is being used when consuming content from friends, influencers, or celebrities. The same study found that the use of filters can have a large impact on preteens’ identity formation as they begin to compare themselves with others. [23]

Influences on Body Image

In comparison to traditional forms of media, where individuals could only act as consumers of media, social media networking sites provide a more engaging opportunity where users can produce their own content, as well as interact with other users and content creators. As these sites have become increasingly popular, researchers have turned their focus to the discussion of the various impacts social media has on users. One of the main focuses researchers have studied is the effects on body image. This is especially seen in adolescents and young adults who engage in social media.

It has been suggested that in the early adolescent years, when perceptions about self and identity are being formed, individuals may be influenced by the media to feel certain ways about their bodies based on the ideal body types expressed and perpetuated in the media, which may increase body surveillance behaviors and, consequently, experiencing feelings of body shame. Salomon & Brown (2019), measured self-objectification behaviors on social media, body surveillance behaviors, feelings of body shame, and levels of self-monitoring to examine whether or not young adolescents engaging in higher amounts of self-objectification behaviors on social media also experienced higher levels of body shame.

Self-objectification behaviors result from internalizing objectification from others, and may, for example, take the form of taking frequent photos of oneself and valuing how others view their appearance. Body surveillance behaviors indicate a preoccupation with how the appearance of one’s body will be perceived by others and can be measured by behaviors such as constant evaluation and monitoring of one’s body. Body shame refers to a negative emotional experience resulting from feeling as if one failed to meet society’s body ideals. Self-monitoring refers to how much individuals do or do not change their behavior in response to feedback and cues received from peers. In the study, it was found that individuals who reported engaging in self-objectified social media use exhibited more body surveillance behaviors, which led to increased experience in feelings of body shame. [24]

Some studies have demonstrated that body image is not influenced by how much time is spent on social media, but is influenced by the way an individual engages with the site. [25] For instance, Meier and Gray (2014), measured Facebook usage among young women and found that those who more frequently viewed posts of images and videos were more likely to experience negative thoughts about their own body image and internalize the thin ideal. However, it is seen that Facebook did not influence body image itself. [25] More interacting on Facebook, in regards to posting, commenting and viewing, causes women, specifically high school females to have greater weight dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, thin-ideal internalization and self objectification. [26] Having more of an opportunity to compare yourself to other people on social media can cause people to feel like they should look that way. Facebook posts more than 10 million photos an hour, so having many examples of an idealistic body-type tempts viewers to compare their bodies to their own.

In response to self-portraits on social media, friends and followers can indicate affirmation and acceptance, and creators can receive validation, through feedback such as likes and comments. According to the findings of Bukowski, Dixon, and Weeks (2019), the more value that an individual placed on the feedback received on a self-portrait that they’ve shared, the more they experience body dissatisfaction and a desire to become thinner, but only if they also engage in body-surveillance. [27] [28]

Studies have shown that users can also experience feelings of body dissatisfaction when consuming rather than creating content. In a study conducted by Fardouly, et al. (2015), the implications of Facebook usage on young women’s mood, level of body dissatisfaction, and desires to change aspects of their body or facial features were examined. The results of the study indicated that in addition to Facebook usage being associated with a more negative mood, it was associated with an increasing desire to change facial related features in women who were more likely to make comparisons between elements of their and others appearance.

Platform Affordances

The different platform affordances of social media sites can both enable and constrain the options users have for presenting themselves. Initially coined by Gibson (1966), Affordances, broadly, can be defined as “describing what material artifacts such as media technologies allow people to do”. [29] This can therefore be applied to how users of social media construct identity, through the ways in which social media sites provide users with opportunities for self-presentation.

For example, Instagram requires users to create a profile when they register an account. In this, they require a username, profile photo, biography and more recently, the option to present the users chosen pronoun. However, none of these identifiable aspects need to be factual, and unlike Facebook, which requires users to register with their legal name, Instagram users can use pseudonyms or made-up usernames and profile pictures. This gives them the ability to construct whichever identity they choose to present.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adolescence</span> Human transition from puberty to adult

Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to adulthood. Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier or end later. Puberty typically begins during preadolescence, particularly in females. Physical growth and cognitive development can extend past the teens. Age provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars have not agreed upon a precise definition. Some definitions start as early as 10 and end as late 30. The World Health Organization definition officially designates an adolescent as someone between the ages of 10 and 19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual objectification</span> Treating a person primarily as a sexual object

Sexual objectification is the act of treating a person solely as an object of sexual desire. Objectification more broadly means treating a person as a commodity or an object without regard to their personality or dignity. Objectification is most commonly examined at the level of a society, but can also refer to the behavior of individuals and is a type of dehumanization.

In social philosophy, objectification is the act of treating a person as an object or a thing. It is part of dehumanization, the act of disavowing the humanity of others. Sexual objectification, the act of treating a person as a mere object of sexual desire, is a subset of objectification, as is self-objectification, the objectification of one's self. In Marxism, the objectification of social relationships is discussed as "reification".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Body image</span> Aesthetic perception of ones own body

Body image is a person's thoughts, feelings and perception of the aesthetics or sexual attractiveness of their own body. The concept of body image is used in several disciplines, including neuroscience, psychology, medicine, psychiatry, psychoanalysis, philosophy, cultural and feminist studies; the media also often uses the term. Across these disciplines, there is no single consensus definition, but broadly speaking, body image consists of the ways people view themselves; their memories, experiences, assumptions, and comparisons about their appearances; and their overall attitudes towards their respective heights, shapes, and weights—all of which are shaped by prevalent social and cultural ideals.

Impression management is a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction. It was first conceptualized by Erving Goffman in 1959 in The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, and then was expanded upon in 1967.

Self-objectification is when people view themselves as objects for use instead of as human beings. Self-objectification is a result of objectification, and is commonly discussed in the topic of sex and gender. Both men and women struggle with self-objectification, but it is most commonly seen among women. According to Calogero, self-objectification explains the psychological process by which women internalise people’s objectification of their bodies, resulting in them constantly criticizing their own bodies.

Internet identity (IID), also online identity, online personality, online persona or internet persona, is a social identity that an Internet user establishes in online communities and websites. It may also be an actively constructed presentation of oneself. Although some people choose to use their real names online, some Internet users prefer to be anonymous, identifying themselves by means of pseudonyms, which reveal varying amounts of personally identifiable information. An online identity may even be determined by a user's relationship to a certain social group they are a part of online. Some can be deceptive about their identity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social media</span> Virtual online communities

Social media are interactive technologies that facilitate the creation, sharing and aggregation of content, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks. Social media refers to new forms of media that involve interactive participation. While challenges to the definition of social media arise due to the variety of stand-alone and built-in social media services currently available, there are some common features:

  1. Social media apps are online platforms that enable users to create and share content and participate in social networking.
  2. User-generated content—such as text posts or comments, digital photos or videos, and data generated through all online interactions—is the lifeblood of social media.
  3. Users create service-specific profiles for the website or app that are designed and maintained by the social media organization.
  4. Social media helps the development of online social networks by connecting a user's profile with those of other individuals or groups.

Identity formation, also called identity development or identity construction, is a complex process in which humans develop a clear and unique view of themselves and of their identity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social information processing (theory)</span>

Social information processing theory, also known as SIP, is a psychological and sociological theory originally developed by Salancik and Pfeffer in 1978. This theory explores how individuals make decisions and form attitudes in a social context, often focusing on the workplace. It suggests that people rely heavily on the social information available to them in their environments, including input from colleagues and peers, to shape their attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions.

Attention seeking behavior is to act in a way that is likely to elicit attention. Attention seeking behavior is defined in the DSM-5 as "engaging in behavior designed to attract notice and to make oneself the focus of others' attention and admiration". This definition does not ascribe a motivation to the behavior and assumes a human actor, although the term "attention seeking" sometimes also assumes a motive of seeking validation. People are thought to engage in both positive and negative attention seeking behavior independent of the actual benefit or harm to health. In line with much research and a dynamic self-regulatory processing model of narcissism, motivations for attention seeking are considered to be driven by self-consciousness and thus an externalization of personality rather than internal and self-motivated behavior. Attention seeking is often caused by threats to one's self-concept and the need for social acceptance. This type of influence on behavior can result in a potential loss of a person's sense of agency, personality disorder and the behavior associated with these conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Instagram</span> Social media platform owned by Meta Platforms

Instagram is a photo and video sharing social networking service owned by Meta Platforms. It allows users to upload media that can be edited with filters, be organized by hashtags, and be associated with a location via geographical tagging. Posts can be shared publicly or with preapproved followers. Users can browse other users' content by tags and locations, view trending content, like photos, and follow other users to add their content to a personal feed. A Meta-operated image-centric social media platform, it is available on iOS, Android, Windows 10, and the web. Users can take photos and edit them using built-in filters and other tools, then share them on other social media platforms like Facebook. It supports 32 languages including English, Spanish, French, Korean, and Japanese.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Problematic social media use</span> Proposed medical diagnosis related to overuse of social media

Experts from many different fields have conducted research and held debates about how using social media affects mental health. Research suggests that mental health issues arising from social media use affect women more than men and vary according to the particular social media platform used, although it does affect every age and gender demographic in different ways. Psychological or behavioural dependence on social media platforms can result in significant negative functions in individuals' daily lives. Studies show there are several negative effects that social media can have on individuals' mental health and overall well-being. While researchers have attempted to examine why and how social media is problematic, they still struggle to develop evidence-based recommendations on how they would go about offering potential solutions to this issue. Because social media is constantly evolving, researchers also struggle with whether the disorder of problematic social media use would be considered a separate clinical entity or a manifestation of underlying psychiatric disorders. These disorders can be diagnosed when an individual engages in online content/conversations rather than pursuing other interests.

Social media began in the form of generalized online communities. These online communities formed on websites like Geocities.com in 1994, Theglobe.com in 1995, and Tripod.com in 1995. Many of these early communities focused on social interaction by bringing people together through the use of chat rooms. The chat rooms encouraged users to share personal information, ideas, or even personal web pages. Later the social networking community Classmates took a different approach by simply having people link to each other by using their personal email addresses. By the late 1990s, social networking websites began to develop more advanced features to help users find and manage friends. These newer generation of social networking websites began to flourish with the emergence of SixDegrees.com in 1997, Makeoutclub in 2000, Hub Culture in 2002, and Friendster in 2002. However, the first profitable mass social networking website was the South Korean service, Cyworld. Cyworld initially launched as a blog-based website in 1999 and social networking features were added to the website in 2001. Other social networking websites emerged like Myspace in 2002, LinkedIn in 2003, and Bebo in 2005. In 2009, the social networking website Facebook became the largest social networking website in the world. Active users of Facebook increased from just a million in 2004 to over 750 million by the year 2011. Making internet-based social networking both a cultural and financial phenomenon.

Media consumption or media diet is the sum of information and entertainment media taken in by an individual or group. It includes activities such as interacting with new media, reading books and magazines, watching television and film, and listening to radio. An active media consumer must have the capacity for skepticism, judgement, free thinking, questioning, and understanding. Media consumption is to maximize the interests of consumers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">User profile</span> Data about an individual user

A user profile is a collection of settings and information associated with a user. It contains critical information that is used to identify an individual, such as their name, age, portrait photograph and individual characteristics such as knowledge or expertise. User profiles are most commonly present on social media websites such as Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn; and serve as voluntary digital identity of an individual, highlighting their key features and traits. In personal computing and operating systems, user profiles serve to categorise files, settings, and documents by individual user environments, known as ‘accounts’, allowing the operating system to be more friendly and catered to the user. Physical user profiles serve as identity documents such as passports, driving licenses and legal documents that are used to identify an individual under the legal system.

The exploitation of women in mass media is the use or portrayal of women in mass media such as television, film, music, and advertising as objects or sexual beings, in order to increase the appeal of media or a product to the detriment of the women being portrayed, and women in society. This process includes the presentation of women as sexual objects and the setting of feminine beauty ideals that women are expected to reflect. Sexual exploitation of women in the media dates back to 19th century Paris, in which ballerinas were exposed to harassment and objectification. The most often criticized aspect of the use of women in mass media is sexual objectification, but dismemberment can be a part of the objectification as well. The exploitation of women in mass media has been criticized by feminists and other advocates of women's rights, and is a topic of discussion in feminist studies and other fields of scholarship.

This article explains the positive and negative impacts to adolescents’ exposure to social media.

Adolescents turn to pornography for learning amplified by insufficient sex education, arousal, mating motivations, coping mechanisms, alleviating boredom, entertainment, and to explore their sexual and gender identities. However, they may also encounter content that disturbs them. Without adequate support, they learn to navigate disconcerting material, developing the skills to seek out content that affirms their sexuality while avoiding that which causes discomfort. Without alternative narratives, they think it leads to harmful attitudes about women, sex, LGBTQ people, and people of color, and unrealistic expectations. The use of pornography by adolescents is associated with certain sexual attitudes and behaviors, but causal relationships remain unclear. It can be assumed that adolescents are not passive "fools" or "victims". The typical adolescent consumer of pornography is male, in advanced stages of puberty, sensation-seeking, and often grapples with weak or disrupted family relationships.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Snapchat dysmorphia</span> Psychological phenomenon

Snapchat dysmorphia, also known as "selfie dysmorphia", is a trending phenomenon used to describe patients who seek out plastic surgery in order to replicate and appear like their filtered selfies or altered images of themselves. The increasing availability and variety of filters used on social media apps, such as Snapchat or Instagram, allow users to edit and apply filters to their photos in an instant – blemish the skin, narrow the nose, enlarge the eyes, and numerous other edits to one’s facial features. These heavily edited images create unrealistic and unnatural expectations of one’s appearance, showing users a "perfected" view of themselves. The disconnection between one’s real-life appearance and the highly filtered versions of oneself manifest into body insecurity and dysmorphia. The distorted perception of oneself can potentially evolve into an obsessive preoccupation with perceived flaws in one’s appearance, a mental disorder known as body dysmorphic disorder. BDD has been classified as part of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum and it is currently affecting one in 50 Americans.

References

  1. 1 2 Yang, Chia-chen; Holden, Sean M.; Carter, Mollie D. K. (2017-09-01). "Emerging adults' social media self-presentation and identity development at college transition: Mindfulness as a moderator". Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 52: 212–221. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.006. ISSN   0193-3973. S2CID   149332068.
  2. ↑ Newman, Melissa J. (2015-12-01). "Image and identity: Media literacy for young adult Instagram users". Visual Inquiry. 4 (3): 221–227. doi:10.1386/vi.4.3.221_1.
  3. ↑ Gleason, Benjamin (November 2018). "Adolescents Becoming Feminist on Twitter: New Literacies Practices, Commitments, and Identity Work". Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy. 62 (3): 281–289. doi:10.1002/jaal.889. S2CID   149531510.
  4. ↑ Thomas, Lisa; Briggs, Pam; Hart, Andrew; Kerrigan, Finola (2017-11-01). "Understanding social media and identity work in young people transitioning to university". Computers in Human Behavior. 76: 541–553. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.021 . ISSN   0747-5632.
  5. 1 2 Gleason, Benjamin (November 2018). "Adolescents Becoming Feminist on Twitter: New Literacies Practices, Commitments, and Identity Work". Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy. 62 (3): 281–289. doi:10.1002/jaal.889. S2CID   149531510.
  6. ↑ Yang, Chia-chen; Holden, Sean M.; Carter, Mollie D. K. (2017-09-01). "Emerging adults' social media self-presentation and identity development at college transition: Mindfulness as a moderator". Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 52: 212–221. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.006. ISSN   0193-3973. S2CID   149332068.
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  11. ↑ Thomas, Lisa; Briggs, Pam; Hart, Andrew; Kerrigan, Finola (2017-11-01). "Understanding social media and identity work in young people transitioning to university". Computers in Human Behavior. 76: 541–553. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.021 . ISSN   0747-5632.
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  14. ↑ Gleason, Benjamin (November 2018). "Adolescents Becoming Feminist on Twitter: New Literacies Practices, Commitments, and Identity Work". Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy. 62 (3): 281–289. doi:10.1002/jaal.889. S2CID   149531510.
  15. 1 2 Cho, Hyunyi; Cannon, Julie; Lopez, Rachel; Li, Wenbo (2022-01-16). "Social media literacy: A conceptual framework". New Media & Society: 146144482110685. doi: 10.1177/14614448211068530 . ISSN   1461-4448. PMC   10844004 .
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  19. 1 2 3 4 Schreurs, Lara; Vandenbosch, Laura (2021-07-03). "Introducing the Social Media Literacy (SMILE) model with the case of the positivity bias on social media". Journal of Children and Media. 15 (3): 320–337. doi:10.1080/17482798.2020.1809481. ISSN   1748-2798.
  20. ↑ Yang, Chia-chen; Holden, Sean M.; Carter, Mollie D. K. (2017-09-01). "Emerging adults' social media self-presentation and identity development at college transition: Mindfulness as a moderator". Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 52: 212–221. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.006. ISSN   0193-3973. S2CID   149332068.
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  23. ↑ Pescott, C. K. (2020). “I Wish I was Wearing a Filter Right Now”: An Exploration of Identity Formation and Subjectivity of 10- and 11-Year Olds’ Social Media Use. Social Media + Society, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120965155
  24. ↑ Salomon, Ilyssa; Brown, Christia Spears (2019-04-01). "The Selfie Generation: Examining the Relationship Between Social Media Use and Early Adolescent Body Image". The Journal of Early Adolescence. 39 (4): 539–560. doi:10.1177/0272431618770809. ISSN   0272-4316. S2CID   148976977.
  25. 1 2 Meier, Evelyn P.; Gray, James (2014-04-01). "Facebook Photo Activity Associated with Body Image Disturbance in Adolescent Girls". Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 17 (4): 199–206. doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0305. ISSN   2152-2715. PMID   24237288. S2CID   10178753.
  26. ↑ Fardouly, Jasmine; Vartanian, Lenny R. (2016-06-01). "Social Media and Body Image Concerns: Current Research and Future Directions". Current Opinion in Psychology. Social media and applications to health behavior. 9: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.005. ISSN   2352-250X.
  27. ↑ Butkowski, Chelsea P.; Dixon, Travis L.; Weeks, Kristopher (2019-09-01). "Body Surveillance on Instagram: Examining the Role of Selfie Feedback Investment in Young Adult Women's Body Image Concerns". Sex Roles. 81 (5): 385–397. doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0993-6. ISSN   1573-2762. S2CID   150010371.
  28. ↑ Fardouly, Jasmine; Diedrichs, Phillippa C.; Vartanian, Lenny R.; Halliwell, Emma (2015-03-01). "Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood". Body Image. 13: 38–45. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.12.002. ISSN   1740-1445. PMID   25615425. S2CID   13699578.
  29. ↑ Bucher, Taina; Helmond, Anne (2017). "The Affordances of Social Media Platforms". The SAGE Handbook of Social Media.
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