The National Institutes of Health, commonly referred to as NIH, is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research. It was founded in the late 1880s and is now part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Many NIH facilities are located in Bethesda, Maryland, and other nearby suburbs of the Washington metropolitan area, with other primary facilities in the Research Triangle Park in North Carolina and smaller satellite facilities located around the United States. The NIH conducts its own scientific research through the NIH Intramural Research Program (IRP) and provides major biomedical research funding to non-NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research Program.
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male was a study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the United States Public Health Service (PHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on a group of nearly 400 African American men with syphilis. The purpose of the study was to observe the effects of the disease when untreated, though by the end of the study medical advancements meant it was entirely treatable. The men were not informed of the nature of the experiment, and more than 100 died as a result.
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center is a non-profit, tertiary, 915-bed teaching hospital and multi-specialty academic health science center located in Los Angeles, California. Part of the Cedars-Sinai Health System, the hospital has a staff of over 2,000 physicians and 10,000 employees, supported by a team of 2,000 volunteers and more than 40 community groups. As of 2022–23, U.S. News & World Report ranked Cedars-Sinai among the top performing hospitals in the western United States. Cedars-Sinai is a teaching hospital affiliate of David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), which was ranked in the top 20 on the U.S. News 2023 Best Medical Schools: Research.
Pneumococcal vaccines are vaccines against the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. Their use can prevent some cases of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines: conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. They are given by injection either into a muscle or just under the skin.
Health in South Africa touches on various aspects of health including the infectious diseases, Nutrition, Mental Health and Maternal care.
Glenda Elisabeth GrayMB BCh, FC Paeds, DSc (hc), is a South African physician, scientist and activist specializing in the care of children and in HIV medicine. In 2012, she was awarded South Africa's highest honour, the Order of Mapungubwe (Silver). She became the first female president of the South African Medical Research Council in 2014, was recognized as one of the "100 Most Influential People" by Time in 2017 and was listed amongst "Africa's 50 Most Powerful Women" by Forbes Africa in 2020. Her research expertise involves developing microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases and HIV vaccines.
Zena Athene Stein was a South African epidemiologist, activist and doctor. She was professor of epidemiology and psychiatry at Columbia University.
Quarraisha Abdool Karim is an infectious diseases epidemiologist and co-founder and Associate Scientific Director of CAPRISA. She is a Professor in Clinical Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York and Pro-Vice Chancellor for African Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Salim S. Abdool Karim, MBChB, MMed, MS(Epi), FFPHM, FFPath (Virol), DipData, PhD, DSc(hc), FRS is a South African public health physician, epidemiologist and virologist who has played a leading role in the AIDS and COVID-19 pandemic. His scientific contributions have impacted the landscape of HIV prevention and treatment, saving thousands of lives.
Kopano Ratele is a decolonial psychologist and men and masculinities studies scholar. He is known for his work on Africa-centring psychology, masculinity, fatherhood, culture, sexuality, and violence. He is former co-director of the South African Medical Research Council-University of South Africa (Unisa)'s Violence, Injury & Peace Research Unit. In 2009-2010 he was president of the Psychological Society of South Africa. He chaired the board of Sonke Gender Justice, a South African nongovernmental organisation working across Africa to strengthen government, civil society and citizen capacity to promote gender equality, prevent domestic and sexual violence, and reduce the spread and impact of HIV and AIDS.
Sir Christopher John MacRae Whitty is a British epidemiologist, serving as Chief Medical Officer for England and Chief Medical Adviser to the UK Government since 2019.
The COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa was part of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
The COVID-19 pandemic in The Gambia was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached The Gambia in March 2020.
National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections or NIRBI previously known as National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases is an Indian medical institute that conducts research and develops prevention and treatment and control strategies related to enteric diseases and HIV/AIDS. The headquarter of NICED is located at Kolkata, West Bengal. NIRBI is affiliated to and financed by Indian Council of Medical Research.
Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths has been witnessed around the world. Global mortality excess estimates by the World Health Organization are significantly different from official figures, pointing to undercounting– "while 1,813,188 COVID-19 deaths were reported in 2020... WHO estimates suggest an excess mortality of at least 3,000,000." The global average for underreporting COVID-19 deaths in cities is 30%. The aim of arriving at a truer death count is ultimately linked to improving national and international abilities and responses to fighting the virus. Undercounting can cause a number of problems such as delay in vaccines to priority populations.
The Portfolio Committee on Health is a National Assembly of South Africa committee established to oversee the work of the Department of Health (DOH) as well as the following related entities: the Allied Health Professions Council, the Compensation Commissioner for Occupational Diseases, the Council for Medical Schemes (CMS), the South Africa Dental Technicians Council, the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA), the Interim Traditional Health Practitioners Council, the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), the Office of Health Standards Compliance, the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority, the South African Nursing Council, and the South African Pharmacy Council.
Penelope Moore is a virologist and DST/NRF South African Research Chair of Virus-Host Dynamics at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa and Senior Scientist at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases.
Brett Lyndall Singh is a South African medical doctor and healthcare entrepreneur. He is the Chairperson of the South African National Department of Trade, Industry and Competition’s national Healthcare Products Masterplan Global Value Chain Working Group. He is also CEO of Alpha and Omega MedTech and subsidiaries.
Novel Njweipi Chegou is a Cameroonian molecular biologist who is a professor at the Stellenbosch University Immunology Research Group. His research considers pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. He leads the Diagnostics Research Laboratory. He was awarded the Royal Society Africa Prize in 2022.
South African Population Research Infrastructure Network (SAPRIN) is a network or a partnership or a platformof stakeholders, public and academic institutions, aiming to produce high-quality research.SAPRIN is funded by the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and is hosted by the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC). SAPRIN offers universities, science councils and other organizations, a harmonized, distributed and national research platform. The platform acts a collaborative space, local scientists are fostered and nurtured, and prepares the next generation of researchers.It also streamlines the research process, and reduces costs, which yields improved programme delivery and health outcomes. SAPRIN is part of the Department of Science and Innovation attempts to improve research capacity. SAPRIN launched it’s work in the 2016/ 2017 financial year
