St Davids Bishops Palace

Last updated

Bishops Palace and St Davids Cathedral viewed from the gateway The Bishop's Palace viewed from the gateway - geograph.org.uk - 1053266.jpg
Bishops Palace and St Davids Cathedral viewed from the gateway
Courtyard and East Range, also showing view to Cathedral behind Bishop's Palace, courtyard and East Range - geograph.org.uk - 848910.jpg
Courtyard and East Range, also showing view to Cathedral behind
Detail showing wheel window in the east gable of the ruined Great Hall StDavids Palace1.JPG
Detail showing wheel window in the east gable of the ruined Great Hall

St Davids Bishops Palace (also sometimes denoted as Bishop's Palace or Bishops' Palace) (Welsh : Llys yr Esgob Tyddewi) is a ruined medieval palace located adjacent to St Davids Cathedral in the city of St Davids (Welsh : Tyddewi), Pembrokeshire, one of the most important ecclesiastical sites in Wales. The site dates back to the 6th century, although the building that stands today dates largely from the late 13th and 14th centuries.

Contents

The palace is under the management of Cadw, the historic environment service of the Welsh Government. It is open as a visitor attraction and an open-air theatre, and being part of the city's cathedral precinct, there are more than 300,000 visitors a year. [1] [2] It is a Grade I listed site. [3]

Early history

St Davids became home of the Marcher Lords, responsible for guarding the border between England and Wales, so would have been a site of great strategic importance. It was also considered a hugely important religious site, housing relics of the St David, patron saint of Wales. William the Conqueror is said to have visited as a pilgrim in 1081.: [4] [5]

The original monastery that stood on the site was established in the 6th century and, over the succeeding four centuries, was ransacked at least 10 times by Norse raiders. The arrival of the Normans in the 11th century brought some stability. They appointed a Norman bishop and attempted to protect the site by building a motte and bailey fort and, later, a stone defensive wall. [6]

Establishment of the palace

The Bishops Palace has been described as the work of a series of 'builder bishops', with work carried out in the late 13th and 14th centuries. [7]

In 1284, King Edward I visited St Davids on a pilgrimage and this visit may have inspired some earlier work because Bishop Thomas Bek, who served from 1280 to 1293, was among his former statesmen. Bishop Bek was responsible for construction of the chapel in the south-west corner, the hall, the private apartments and the gate. [6]

The man responsible for much of the site that can be seen today was Bishop Henry de Gower (1328–47). He carried out major works in the cathedral itself, built the Great Hall with wheel window in the east gable, the distinctive arcaded parapet and the porch. Gower's main legacy is the two great ranges. The east range – the simpler of the two – was the first to be built. The much grander south range was built for entertaining. [8]

The beginning of the Reformation also heralded the decline of the Bishops Palace. In 1536 Bishop William Barlow stripped the lead from the roof. Legend has it that he used the money to pay for the dowries of his five daughters. However, as he had no daughters at that time, and the first marriage of a daughter did not occur until about 25 years later, the story was probably fabricated by his many enemies. He made so much money from this that a sixteenth-century account said that more than twelve years revenue of the bishopric would have been needed to cover the cost of replacing it, and the building fell into disrepair. [9] Bishops stayed less at St Davids and, by the middle of the 16th century, the chief episcopal residence had been relocated to Abergwili, Carmarthenshire. In 1616, Bishop Richard Milbourne applied for a licence to demolish some of the buildings. By 1678, when another licence for demolition was sought, the palace was considered beyond repair. [10]

Site significance

Professor Emeritus of history at Swansea University Ralph A. Griffiths OBE has described St David's Cathedral and Bishops Palace as: "one of the most significant sites in the history of Christianity in the British Isles, and one of the earliest", and "where Welsh Christianity and nationalism are entwined". [11]

Much of the town wall remains, particularly on the south side. The main gate into the cathedral compound, Porth-y-Tŵr, dates from about 1300 and remains intact. Inside the palace, most of the structure remains in spite of being open to the elements. [6]

Conservation work

The condition of Bishops Palace began causing serious concern from the 1990s. Construction materials had included a mixture of local stone and Precambrian volcanic rock. Exposure to the elements was affecting key features of the highly decorated stonework, windows and sculptures, causing erosion. In some places, walls were becoming so thin there was a danger of structural collapse. [2] [12]

Under the guidance of CADW, a restoration programme began in 2003 and was completed in October 2009. The work involved the rebuilding of some walls and repair of damaged carvings. Conservation also provided an opportunity to improve accessibility, with floors replaced to make it possible to circuit the building's ground floor. The project was subsequently shortlisted for a Grand Prix Europa Nostra, an award from the Pan-European Federation of Cultural Heritage. [13] [14]

St Davids Bishops Palace. Unsigned watercolour, probably late 18th century. Bishops Palace St Davids - unsigned watercolour - late 18th C..jpg
St Davids Bishops Palace. Unsigned watercolour, probably late 18th century.

Bishops Palace in art

The Bishops Palace captured the imagination of the British painter J. M. W. Turner, and features in his South Wales Sketchbook of 1795, now part of the Turner Bequest at the Tate. There are two images, one of which was drawn inside the ruins. [15] The second, in graphite and watercolour, shows the entrance to the Great Hall. [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Davids Cathedral</span> Church in Pembrokeshire, Wales

St Davids Cathedral is situated in St Davids, Britain's smallest city, in the county of Pembrokeshire, near the most westerly point of Wales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Davids</span> Cathedral city in Pembrokeshire, Wales

St Davids or St David's is a city and a community with a cathedral in Pembrokeshire, Wales, lying on the River Alun. It is the resting place of Saint David, Wales's patron saint, and named after him. St Davids is the United Kingdom's smallest city and urban area. St Davids was given city status in the 12th century. This does not derive automatically from criteria, but in England and Wales it was traditionally given to cathedral towns under practices laid down in the early 1540s, when Henry VIII founded dioceses. City status was lost in 1886, but restored in 1994 at the request of Queen Elizabeth II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nevern</span> Human settlement in Wales

Nevern is both a parish and a community in Pembrokeshire, Wales. The community includes the settlements of Felindre Farchog, Monington, Moylgrove and Bayvil. The small village lies in the Nevern valley near the Preseli Hills of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park 2 miles (3 km) east of Newport on the B4582 road.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spittal, Pembrokeshire</span> Human settlement in Wales

Spittal is both a village, a parish and a community in Pembrokeshire, Wales, on the A40 trunk road, approximately halfway between Haverfordwest and Fishguard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cilgerran Castle</span> Ruined castle in Wales

Cilgerran Castle is a 13th-century ruined castle located in Cilgerran, Pembrokeshire, Wales, near Cardigan. The first castle on the site was thought to have been built by Gerald of Windsor around 1110–1115, and it changed hands several times over the following century between English and Welsh forces. In the hands of William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, the construction of the stone castle began after 1223.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Dogmaels</span> Village in Wales

St Dogmaels is a village, parish and community in Pembrokeshire, Wales, on the estuary of the River Teifi, a mile downstream from the town of Cardigan in neighbouring Ceredigion. A little to the north of the village, further along the estuary, lies Poppit Sands beach. The parish includes the small settlement of Cippyn, south of Cemaes Head.

Wiston is a village, parish and community in Pembrokeshire, Wales, in the United Kingdom. It was once a marcher borough. George Owen, in 1603, described it as one of nine Pembrokeshire "boroughs in decay". It continued as a constituent parliamentary borough until the end of the 19th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Newport Castle</span> Castle in Newport, south-east Wales

Newport Castle is a ruined castle in Newport, Wales. It was built in the 14th century, probably by Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester or his son-in-law, Ralph, Earl of Stafford, with the purpose of managing the crossing of the River Usk. The castle was used as administrative offices for the collection of rent and dues from local tenants, and was also a residence and a garrison. In 1402 it was sacked by Owain Glyndŵr. It was in disrepair by 1522, and was taken by Oliver Cromwell's forces during the Civil War. Its use declined further in later centuries. It has been a Grade II* Listed building since 1951.

Saint Justinian was a 6th-century hermit who lived on Ramsey Island, near St. David's, in the Welsh county of Pembrokeshire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chapel of St Non</span>

The Chapel of St Non is located on the coast near St David's in Pembrokeshire, West Wales. Held by tradition to mark the birthplace of St David, the ruin cannot be accurately dated but is unusual in that it is aligned north–south rather than the usual east–west. Near to the ruined chapel is a retreat, a modern chapel and a holy well. The site was protected in the 1950s and is now the responsibility of the Welsh Heritage organisation Cadw.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tenby Castle</span>

Tenby Castle was a fortification standing on a headland separated by an isthmus from the town of Tenby, Pembrokeshire, Wales. The remaining stone structure dates from the 13th century but there are mentions of the castle from as early as 1153. It is a Grade II* listed building.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grade I listed buildings in Pembrokeshire</span>

This is a list of Grade I-listed buildings in the county of Pembrokeshire, Wales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lydstep Palace</span> Building in Pembrokeshire, Wales

Lydstep Palace is a ruinous medieval hall house in the hamlet of Lydstep, Pembrokeshire, Wales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scheduled monuments in Pembrokeshire</span>

Pembrokeshire is the fifth-largest county in Wales, but has more scheduled monuments (526) than any except Powys. This gives it an extremely high density of monuments, with 33.4 per 100 km2.. With three-quarters of its boundary being coastline, Pembrokeshire occupies the western end of the West Wales peninsular, terminating with the tiny cathedral city of St David's. It was a historic county in its own right but between 1975 and 1996 it joined Carmarthen and Ceredigion in the much larger county of Dyfed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Justinian</span> Place in Pembrokeshire, Wales

St Justinian is a coastal location of indeterminate area in the extreme northwest of Pembrokeshire, Wales, in the community of St Davids and the Cathedral Close.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Llandissilio</span> Human settlement in Wales

Llandissilio is a village and parish in the community of Llandissilio West in east Pembrokeshire, Wales on the A478 road between Efailwen to the north and Clunderwen to the south. A largely ribbon development along the main road, the village is surrounded by farmland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Porth-y-Tŵr</span> Bell Tower and Gatehouse in St Davids, Wales

Porth-y-Tŵr is a gatehouse and bell tower overlooking St Davids Cathedral in the small city of St Davids, Pembrokeshire, Wales, UK. It is the sole survivor of four medieval gates to the walled Cathedral Close. The 13th-century octagonal tower, adjoining the gateway, now contains the cathedral's bells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carswell Medieval House</span> 15th century modest medieval home which is a rare remaining example of tenant farm life

Carswell Medieval House is a Grade II*-listed historic stone ruin of a medieval tenant farm in the village of Penally, near St Florence in Tenby. Visit Wales describe it as "one of the only buildings of its type still standing in this part of Wales" and an example of "everyday medieval life away from the grand castles often associated with the period."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Archaeology of Wales</span> Study of human occupation in Wales

The archaeology of Wales is the study of human occupation within the country of Wales which has been occupied by modern humans since 225,000 BCE, with continuous occupation from 9,000 BCE. Analysis of the sites, artefacts and other archaeological data within Wales details its complex social landscape and evolution from Prehistoric times to the Industrial period. This study is undertaken by academic institutions, consultancies, charities as well as government organisations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Justinian's Chapel</span> Church in Wales

St Justinian's Chapel in Pembrokeshire, Wales, is now a roofless shell; the current structure was probably erected in the 16th century on earlier foundations, which may date from the time of the 6th and 7th century Saint Justinian to whom it is dedicated. The chapel is a Grade I listed building.

References

  1. "The Bishops Palace at St David's". Stdavids-peninsula.co.uk. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  2. 1 2 "BBC – European conservation award nomination for St Davids". BBC News. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  3. "St Davids Bishops Palace (The Gatehouse Record)". Gatehouse-gazetteer.info. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  4. "Bishop's Palace – St Davids, Wales". Sacred-destinations.com. 11 February 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  5. Wooding, Jonathan (2007). St David of Wales: Cult, Church and Nation (Studies in Celtic History). Ipswich: Boydell Press. p. 39. ISBN   1-84383-322-0.
  6. 1 2 3 "Castles". Visit Pembrokeshire. 26 August 2011. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  7. "St Davids Bishop Palace". Castlewales.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  8. "St Davids Bishop Palace". Castlewales.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  9. Boden, Anthony (2005). Thomas Tomkins: the last Elizabethan. Aldershot: Ashgate Pub. Co. p. 18. ISBN   0-7546-5118-5.
  10. "St Davids Bishops Palace (21633)". Coflein. RCAHMW. 27 October 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  11. "St Davids Cathedral and Bishops' Palace, Pembrokeshire | BBC History Magazine". Historyextra.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  12. Kathryn Williams (8 April 2010). "Bishop's Palace at St Davids up for top heritage award". Wales Online. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  13. "Europa Nostra". Europa Nostra. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  14. "European award for palace project (From Western Telegraph)". Westerntelegraph.co.uk. 10 April 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  15. Andrew Wilton. "'St David's: Part of the Ruins of the Bishop's Palace', Joseph Mallord William Turner". Tate. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  16. Andrew Wilton. "'St David's: The Entrance to the Great Hall of the Bishop's Palace', Joseph Mallord William Turner". Tate. Retrieved 18 May 2013.

External sources

Coordinates: 51°52′56″N5°16′13″W / 51.8821°N 5.2703°W / 51.8821; -5.2703