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Management science is a wide and interdisciplinary study of solving complex problems and making strategic decisions as it pertains to institutions, corporations, governments and other types of organizational entities. It is closely related to management, economics, business, engineering, management consulting, and other fields. It uses various scientific research-based principles, strategies, and analytical methods including mathematical modeling, statistics and numerical algorithms and aims to improve an organization's ability to enact rational and accurate management decisions by arriving at optimal or near optimal solutions to complex decision problems.
Rational choice theory refers to a set of guidelines that help understand economic and social behaviour. The theory originated in the eighteenth century and can be traced back to political economist and philosopher, Adam Smith. The theory postulates that an individual will perform a cost-benefit analysis to determine whether an option is right for them. It also suggests that an individual's self-driven rational actions will help better the overall economy. Rational choice theory looks at three concepts: rational actors, self interest and the invisible hand.
Marketing is the process of exploring, creating, and delivering value to meet the needs of a target market in terms of goods and services; potentially including selection of a target audience; selection of certain attributes or themes to emphasize in advertising; operation of advertising campaigns; attendance at trade shows and public events; design of products and packaging attractive to buyers; defining the terms of sale, such as price, discounts, warranty, and return policy; product placement in media or with people believed to influence the buying habits of others; agreements with retailers, wholesale distributors, or resellers; and attempts to create awareness of, loyalty to, and positive feelings about a brand. Marketing is typically done by the seller, typically a retailer or manufacturer. Sometimes tasks are contracted to a dedicated marketing firm or advertising agency. More rarely, a trade association or government agency advertises on behalf of an entire industry or locality, often a specific type of food, food from a specific area, or a city or region as a tourism destination.
Organization development (OD) is the study and implementation of practices, systems, and techniques that affect organizational change. The goal of which is to modify a group's/organization's performance and/or culture. The organizational changes are typically initiated by the group's stakeholders. OD emerged from human relations studies in the 1930s, during which psychologists realized that organizational structures and processes influence worker behavior and motivation.
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SWOT analysis is a strategic planning and strategic management technique used to help a person or organization identify Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related to business competition or project planning. It is sometimes called situational assessment or situational analysis. Additional acronyms using the same components include TOWS and WOTS-UP.
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to management:
William Haynes Starbuck graduated from Harvard University and the Carnegie Institute of Technology. He is an organizational scientist who has held professorships in social relations, sociology, business administration, and management.
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A Bachelor of Management or a Bachelor of Management Studies is an undergraduate degree for management studies offered by many universities throughout the world. The course allows you to obtain the knowledge and skills needed to assume management positions in a wide range of organizations. Management studies programmes provide students with a solid foundation in organizational behavior and human resource management, and students can further develop their knowledge in specific areas of interest through electives in labor-management relations, negotiation, conflict resolution, compensation systems, and organizational development. In addition to business management courses, this degree program will equip you to understand how organizations work, how they are managed, and how they interact with object-oriented programming using C++ and data structures in national and international environments.
In organizational theory and organizational behavior, imprinting is a core concept describing how the past affects the present. Imprinting is generally defined as a process whereby, during a brief period of susceptibility, a focal entity or actor develops characteristics that reflect prominent features of the environment, and these characteristics continue to persist despite significant environmental changes in subsequent periods. This definition emphasizes three key elements of imprinting:
- brief sensitive periods of transition during which the focal entity exhibits high susceptibility to external influences;
- a process whereby the focal entity comes to reflect elements of its environment during a sensitive period; and
- the persistence of imprints despite subsequent environmental changes.
Gerald R. (Jerry) Salancik was an American organizational theorist, and Professor at Carnegie Mellon University. He is best known for his work with Jeffrey Pfeffer on "organizational decision making" and "the external control of organizations."
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Organizational adaptation is a concept in organization theory and strategic management that is used to describe the relationship between an organization and its environment. The conceptual roots of organizational adaptation borrows ideas from organizational ecology, evolutionary economics, industrial and organizational psychology, and sociology. A systematic review of 50 years worth of literature defined organizational adaptation as "intentional decision-making undertaken by organizational members, leading to observable actions that aim to reduce the distance between an organization and its economic and institutional environments".
References
- ↑ Child, John (January 1997). "Strategic Choice in the Analysis of Action, Structure, Organizations and Environment: Retrospect and Prospect" (PDF). Organization Studies. 18 (1): 43–76. doi:10.1177/017084069701800104 . Retrieved 16 September 2013.
- ↑ Mark E. Keating, Dean G. Pruitt, Rachael A. Eberle, Joseph M. Mikolic, (1994) "Strategic Choice in Everyday Disputes", International Journal of Conflict Management, Vol. 5 Iss: 2, pp.143 - 157
- ↑ Sekiguchi, Tomoki (2005). "The Strategic Choice Model and Industrial Relations on Japan" (PDF). Osaka Keidai Ronshu. 56: 92–93.
- 1 2 Sekiguchi, Tomoki (2005). "The Strategic Choice Model and Industrial Relations on Japan" (PDF). Osaka Keidai Ronshu. 56: 92–93.
- ↑ Stein, Arthur (1999). Strategic Choice and International Relations. Princeton University Press. pp. 197–199.
- 1 2 Kochan, Thomas (0983). Strategic Choice and Industrial Relations Theory and Practice. pp. 9–13.