Substantial Presence Test

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The Substantial Presence Test (SPT) is a criterion used by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States to determine whether an individual who is not a citizen or lawful permanent resident in the recent past qualifies as a "resident for tax purposes" or a "nonresident for tax purposes"; [1] [2] it is a form of physical presence test. The SPT should be used in conjunction with the Green Card Test (the criterion that the individual possessed a valid Green Card at any time of the year). An individual who satisfies either one or both of these tests is treated as a resident for tax purposes. [3]

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The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the revenue service of the United States federal government. The government agency is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury, and is under the immediate direction of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who is appointed to a five-year term by the President of the United States. The IRS is responsible for collecting taxes and administering the Internal Revenue Code, the main body of federal statutory tax law of the United States. The duties of the IRS include providing tax assistance to taxpayers and pursuing and resolving instances of erroneous or fraudulent tax filings. The IRS has also overseen various benefits programs, and enforces portions of the Affordable Care Act.

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The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States or America, is a country composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles, the United States is the world's third or fourth largest country by total area and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe's 3.9 million square miles. With a population of over 327 million people, the U.S. is the third most populous country. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico. The State of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries.

In international taxation, a physical presence test is a rule used to determine tax residence of a natural or legal person. It may rely on having a place of business in the jurisdiction, or remaining in or out of the jurisdiction for a certain number of days each year.

Contents

Summary of the test

Formula used by the IRS

The SPT features a number of exemptions. Ignoring the exemptions, the criterion is as follows. Note that the criterion is used to determine residency for tax purposes for people who are not citizens and fail the Green Card Test. [1] [3]

In particular, any individual who was in the United States in a non-exempt status for more than 6 months during the tax year qualifies the SPT and (unless exempted based on one of the exemptions) must be treated as a resident for tax purposes.

Definition of United States for physical presence

"Physical presence in the United States" refers to presence in one or more of the following areas: [2]

Days of physical presence

Any day that an individual was present physically in any United States for any part of the day counts as a day of physical presence, with the following exceptions: [2]

Applicability to whole tax year

Individual meeting the Substantial Presence Test at the time of tax filing are treated as a resident for tax purposes for the part of the calendar year starting from the first day of physical presence in the United States including the part of the year before accruing a substantial presence in the United States. [5]

That can lead to minor inconsistencies and complications in the tax return. While the individual was getting paid by an employer prior to accruing a substantial presence, the employer may have been operating under the assumption that the individual would be a nonresident for tax purposes and using the tax deduction laws and reporting requirements associated with employing nonresidents. At the time of tax filing, any retrospective inconsistency between the status that the employer believed the individual had at that time and the status as it appears to be by the end of the year must be reconciled.[ citation needed ]

However, an individual may choose to exempt the first 10 days (that is less than the 31-day period needed for the substantial presence test) if the individual is able to establish a closer connection to a foreign country and the individual's tax home was the foreign country. [5]

Significance

Tax forms to file

Residents for tax purposes are generally required to file Form 1040 or one of its variants (Form 1040A or Form 1040EZ). Non-residents for tax purposes are generally required to file Form 1040NR (or its variant, Form 1040NR-EZ). [1] For those who are nonresidents for tax purposes, the relevant information about when the person was present in the United States, and the calculations based on that to show that the person fails the SPT, are done in Schedule OI, which is the fifth and last page of Form 1040NR. Those who would otherwise qualify as residents for tax purposes under the SPT, but are seeking an exemption, may need to file additional forms (such as Form 8840 or Form 8843) as discussed in the exemptions section.

Tax liability

Nonresidents for tax purposes may not be allowed to take the standard deduction that is available to residents for tax purposes. The tax exemptions (as well as withholding exemptions) permitted for a nonresident depend on the nature of tax agreement between the nonresident's country of tax residence and the United States. [6]

Also, nonresidents who are in certain types of statuses (F, J, M, and Q) are not required to pay Social Security or Medicare taxes for employment that falls within their status. [7] However, this is not really specific to nonresidents, since residents for tax purposes (including citizens and green card holders) are also exempt from Social Security and Medicare taxes for income earned where the employer is the educational institution, subject to a number of caveats. [8] [9] However, the distinction becomes relevant to on-campus employment not by the university, as well as to off-campus employment undertaken under Optional Practical Training or Curricular Practical Training: students in such employment need to pay Social Security and Medicare taxes if and only if they have become residents for tax purposes.

Relation between residency for tax purposes and citizenship and immigration status

Residency for tax purposes does not imply permanent residency

It is possible to be a resident for tax purposes in the United States but not a permanent resident of the United States. A non-citizen can be a permanent resident of the United States only by holding a Green Card. On the other hand, people on non-immigrant visas may well be treated as residents for tax purposes.

Resident and nonresident aliens

Exemptions

Some aliens (i.e., people who are not citizens) can claim exemptions from the substantial presence test.

A foreign government-related individual is an individual (or a member of the individual's immediate family) who is temporarily present in the United States: [2]

The relevant visas that correspond to these exemptions are the A visa and the G visa. These visas include both the visas granted to people who are directly involved in the government-related or diplomatic jobs, and their spouses and minor children.

There is no limit on the number of days that can be excluded from the Substantial Presence Test for a foreign government-related individual.

Special status: F, J, M, Q, medical conditions, or athletes

In calculating days of presence for the substantial presence test, a person can exclude a few calendar years present on a F visa, J visa, M visa, or Q visa (the number of calendar years varies based on the status). [2] [10] In addition, individuals can exclude days of presence due to medical conditions and if attending charitable sports events. Explicitly, the four types of exclusions possible are:

A person seeking exemption in this manner is required to file Form 8843 along with his or her tax return. [10] In fact, even those who have no income need to file Form 8843 to inform the IRS that they are in student status and are not residents for tax purposes. For those with taxable income, Form 8843 must be filed as part of the tax return by the usual tax filing deadline (April 15, but can be deferred up to six months to October 15) and for those with no taxable income, the filing deadline is June 15. [11] [12]

Closer connection to a foreign country

There are two "closer connection" exceptions available:

Dual-status aliens

First-year choice

Some aliens may, under some circumstances, elect to file "dual-status" returns, treating part of their tax year as being in nonresident status and part of it in resident status. [5] [17] [18] In order to be able to elect to file as a dual-status alien, an individual must meet both of the following requirements:

If the individual elects to file as a dual status alien, the residency starting date for the tax year is the first day of the earliest 31-day period (described in (1) above) that is chosen to qualify for the choice.

That option is typically used by people who expect to become residents for tax purposes in the next year.

People who are filing jointly with their spouses may have the option of electing to file as residents for the whole year despite being otherwise dual-status. [5]

Similar tests in other countries

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References

  1. 1 2 3 "Substantial Presence Test". Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Publication 519 (2012) -- full documentation". Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  3. 1 2 "Alien Residency - Green Card Test". Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  4. ↑ Schedule 8812 Instructions
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Publication 519 (2012) -- Dual Status Aliens (who qualifies)". Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  6. ↑ "Publication 515 - Main Content". Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  7. ↑ "Foreign Student Liability for Social Security and Medicare Taxes". Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  8. ↑ "Student Exception to FICA Tax". Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  9. ↑ "Social Security & Withholding: Must You Pay Social Security and Medicare Tax?". Form1040NR.com. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  10. 1 2 "Substantial Presence Test - Excluding Days of Presence - Form 8843". Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  11. ↑ "No Income? Tax Form 8843". International Student Services, University of Washington . Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  12. ↑ "IRS Form 8843". Office of International Affairs, University of Chicago . Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Conditions for a Closer Connection to a Foreign Country". Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  14. ↑ "Form 8840, Closer Connection Exception Statement for Aliens". Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Form 8840" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service.
  16. ↑ "The Closer Connection Exception to the Substantial Presence Test for Foreign Students". Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  17. ↑ "Dial Status Aliens". Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  18. ↑ "Publication 519 (2012) -- Dual Status Aliens (how to file)". Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2013-09-10.
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