Summermatter cycle

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The Summermatter cycle is a physiological concept describing the complex relationship between physical activity/inactivity and energy expenditure/conservation. [1]

The concept explains why dieting fails in most cases and results in a Yo-yo effect. [2] [3] A central element of the Summermatter cycle is that reductions in energy intake, occurring with dieting or starvation, initially successfully induce weight and adipose tissue loss. [1] At the same time, the reduced food availability prompts ambulatory activity, which further accelerates body and fat mass loss and depletes ATP, glycogen and intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) in skeletal muscle. [1] The scarcity of energy ultimately suppresses thermogenesis in skeletal muscle to conserve energy. [4]

As soon as energy becomes available again, this originally adaptive, thrifty program supports the replenishment of energy stores and weight regain. [5] Fat deposition is the most efficient way for the body to store energy. This phenomenon of energy store replenishment is driven by a hyperinsulinemic state and is referred to as preferential catch-up fat. [6] [7] Satiety signals during the period of food availability automatically lead to rest, which further supports adipose tissue regain and the restoration of glycogen and IMCL pools in muscle. As a result, the majority of people rapidly regain body weight. Exercise increases energy expenditure and can counteract the suppression of thermogenesis in skeletal muscle thereby preventing weight regain. In addition, regular exercise promotes the turnover of ATP, glycogen and IMCLs. [1]

The hypothesis was put forward in 2012 [1] and Benton, et al. named the cycle in 2017 after its inventor, the Swiss biochemist, nutritionist and exercise physiologist Dr. Serge Summermatter. [8]

The concept of the Summermatter cycle finds broad application in body weight management to time exercise interventions and avoid catch-up fat (yo-yo effect). Moreover, the concept is used by elite athletes to optimally coordinate their exercise and energy intake. [9]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdominal obesity</span> Excess fat around the stomach and abdomen

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glycogen</span> Glucose polymer used as energy store in animals

Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. It is the main storage form of glucose in the human body.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weight loss</span> Reduction of the total body mass

Weight loss, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction of the total body mass, by a mean loss of fluid, body fat, or lean mass. Weight loss can either occur unintentionally because of malnourishment or an underlying disease, or from a conscious effort to improve an actual or perceived overweight or obese state. "Unexplained" weight loss that is not caused by reduction in calorific intake or increase in exercise is called cachexia and may be a symptom of a serious medical condition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adipose tissue</span> Loose connective tissue composed mostly by adipocytes

Adipose tissue is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes. In addition to adipocytes, adipose tissue contains the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells including preadipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and a variety of immune cells such as adipose tissue macrophages. Adipose tissue is derived from preadipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of lipids, although it also cushions and insulates the body. Far from being hormonally inert, adipose tissue has, in recent years, been recognized as a major endocrine organ, as it produces hormones such as leptin, estrogen, resistin, and cytokines. In obesity, adipose tissue is also implicated in the chronic release of pro-inflammatory markers known as adipokines, which are responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome, a constellation of diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The two types of adipose tissue are white adipose tissue (WAT), which stores energy, and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which generates body heat. The formation of adipose tissue appears to be controlled in part by the adipose gene. Adipose tissue – more specifically brown adipose tissue – was first identified by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in 1551.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hitting the wall</span> Sudden fatigue during endurance sports

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Summermatter, S.; Handschin, C. (November 2012). "PGC-1α and exercise in the control of body weight". International Journal of Obesity. 36 (11): 1428–1435. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2012.12 . ISSN   1476-5497. PMID   22290535.
  2. ↑ Bacon, Linda; Aphramor, Lucy (2011-01-24). "Weight science: evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift". Nutrition Journal. 10: 9. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-9 . ISSN   1475-2891. PMC   3041737 . PMID   21261939.
  3. ↑ Ayyad, C.; Andersen, T. (October 2000). "Long-term efficacy of dietary treatment of obesity: a systematic review of studies published between 1931 and 1999". Obesity Reviews. 1 (2): 113–119. doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2000.00019.x. ISSN   1467-7881. PMID   12119984. S2CID   21469864.
  4. ↑ Weyer, Christian; Walford, Roy L; Harper, Inge T; Milner, Mike; MacCallum, Taber; Tataranni, P Antonio; Ravussin, Eric (2000-10-01). "Energy metabolism after 2 y of energy restriction: the Biosphere 2 experiment". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72 (4): 946–953. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.4.946 . ISSN   0002-9165. PMID   11010936.
  5. ↑ Summermatter, Serge; Marcelino, Helena; Arsenijevic, Denis; Buchala, Antony; Aprikian, Olivier; Assimacopoulos-Jeannet, Françoise; Seydoux, Josiane; Montani, Jean-Pierre; Solinas, Giovanni; Dulloo, Abdul G. (October 2009). "Adipose tissue plasticity during catch-up fat driven by thrifty metabolism: relevance for muscle-adipose glucose redistribution during catch-up growth". Diabetes. 58 (10): 2228–2237. doi:10.2337/db08-1793. ISSN   1939-327X. PMC   2750217 . PMID   19602538.
  6. ↑ Dulloo, A G; Jacquet, J; Seydoux, J; Montani, J-P (December 2006). "The thrifty 'catch-up fat' phenotype: its impact on insulin sensitivity during growth trajectories to obesity and metabolic syndrome". International Journal of Obesity. 30 (S4): S23–S35. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803516 . ISSN   0307-0565. PMID   17133232.
  7. ↑ Dulloo, A. G. (2006). "Regulation of fat storage via suppressed thermogenesis: a thrifty phenotype that predisposes individuals with catch-up growth to insulin resistance and obesity" (PDF). Hormone Research. 65 Suppl 3 (3): 90–97. doi:10.1159/000091512. ISSN   0301-0163. PMID   16612120. S2CID   16719346.
  8. ↑ Benton, David; Young, Hayley A. (September 2017). "Reducing Calorie Intake May Not Help You Lose Body Weight". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 12 (5): 703–714. doi:10.1177/1745691617690878. ISSN   1745-6916. PMC   5639963 . PMID   28657838.
  9. ↑ Correia, J. M.; Santos, I.; Pezarat-Correia, P.; Minderico, C.; Mendonca, G. V. (2020-05-12). "Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Specific Exercise Performance Outcomes: A Systematic Review Including Meta-Analysis". Nutrients. 12 (5): 1390. doi: 10.3390/nu12051390 . PMC   7284994 . PMID   32408718.
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