Supraesophageal ganglion

Further information: Arthropod head problem

The supraesophageal ganglion (also supraoesophageal ganglion, arthropod brain, or microbrain ^[1] ) generally consists of a set of three fused pairs of ganglia, which constitute the brain in most insect species and in some other closely related arthropods, such as myriapods and crustaceans. It receives and processes information from the first, second, and third metameres. The supraesophageal ganglion lies dorsal to the esophagus and consists of three parts, each a pair of ganglia that may be more or less pronounced, reduced, or fused depending on the genus:

Locust brain

• The protocerebrum , associated with the eyes (compound eyes and ocelli). ^[2] Directly associated with the eyes is the optic lobe, as the visual center of the brain.
• The deutocerebrum processes sensory information from the antennae. ^{[2] [3]} It consists of two parts, the antennal lobe and the dorsal lobe. ^{[3] [4] [5]} The dorsal lobe also contains motor neurons which control the antennal muscles. ^[6]
• The tritocerebrum integrates sensory inputs from the previous two pairs of ganglia. ^[2] The lobes of the tritocerebrum split to circumvent the esophagus and begin the subesophageal ganglion.

Supraesophageal ganglion (5), Subesophageal ganglion (31)

The subesophageal ganglion continues the nervous system and lies ventral to the esophagus. Finally, the segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord are found in each body segment as a fused ganglion; they provide the segments with some autonomous control.

See also

• Lateral horn of insect brain
• Mushroom bodies
• Virtual Fly Brain
• Drosophila connectome

References

1. Makoto Mizunami, Fumio Yokohari, Masakazu Takahata (1999). "Exploration into the Adaptive Design of the Arthropod "Microbrain"". Zoological Science. 16 (5): 703–709. doi: 10.2108/zsj.16.703 . S2CID   86501328.
2. Meyer, John R. "The Nervous System". General Entomology course at North Carolina State University. Department of Entomology NC State University. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
3. Homberg, U; Christensen, T A; Hildebrand, J G (1989). "Structure and Function of the Deutocerebrum in Insects". Annual Review of Entomology. 34: 477–501. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002401. PMID   2648971.
4. "Invertebrate Brain Platform". RIKEN BSI Neuroinformatics Japan Center.
5. "Deutocerebrum". Flybrain.
6. "Deutocerebrum". Invertebrate Brain Platform. Chelicerata, with their missing antennae, have a very reduced (or absent) deutocerebrum.

Further reading

• Erber, J.; Menzel, R. (1977). "Visual interneurons in the median protocerebrum of the bee". Journal of Comparative Physiology. 121 (1): 65–77. doi:10.1007/bf00614181. S2CID   34198518.
• Wong, Allan M., Jing W. Wang, and Richard Axel (2002). "Spatial Representation of the Glomerular Map in the Drosophila Protocerebrum". Cell. 109 (2): 229–241. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00707-9 . PMID   12007409.
• Malun, D.; Waldow, U.; Kraus, D.; Boeckh, J. (1993). "Connections between the deutocerebrum and the protocerebrum, and neuroanatomy of several classes of deutocerebral projection neurons in the brain of male Periplaneta americana". J. Comp. Neurol. 329 (2): 143–162. doi:10.1002/cne.903290202. PMID   8454728. S2CID   20142144.
• Flanagan, Daniel; Mercer, Alison R. (1989). "Morphology and response characteristics of neurones in the deutocerebrum of the brain in the honeybeeApis mellifera". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 164 (4): 483–494. doi:10.1007/bf00610442. S2CID   23327875.
• Childress, Steven A.; B. McIver, Susan (1984). "Morphology of the deutocerebrum of female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 62 (7): 1320–1328. Bibcode:1984CaJZ...62.1320C. doi:10.1139/z84-190.
• Technau, Gerhard (2008). Technau, Gerhard M (ed.). Brain Development in Drosophila melanogaster. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (in Dutch). Vol. 628. New York Austin, Tex: Springer Science+Business Media Landes Bioscience. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78261-4. ISBN   978-0-387-78260-7. OCLC   314349837.
• Aubele, Elisabeth, and Nikolai Klemm (1977). "Origin, destination and mapping of tritocerebral neurons of locust". Cell and Tissue Research. 178 (2): 199–219. doi:10.1007/bf00219048. PMID   66098. S2CID   22872816.
• Chaudonneret, J. "Evolution of the insect brain with special reference to the so-called tritocerebrum." Arthropod brain. Wiley, New York (1987): 3-26.
• "Behavioral Neuroscience, lecture on Honey Bee and its behavior - Neuroanatomy" . Retrieved 2019-02-08.

External links

• "Suboesophageal Ganglion". flybrain.
• "Dissecting insect brain for in vivo electrophysiology". YouTube . Neuronal Systems Lab, Center for Neural and Cognitive Systems, University of Hyderabad. 27 June 2021.