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Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment. All perception involves signals that go through the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sensory system. Vision involves light striking the retina of the eye; smell is mediated by odor molecules; and hearing involves pressure waves.
A tactile illusion is an illusion that affects the sense of touch. Some tactile illusions require active touch, whereas others can be evoked passively. In recent years, a growing interest among perceptual researchers has led to the discovery of new tactile illusions and to the celebration of tactile illusions in the popular science press. Some tactile illusions are analogous to visual and auditory illusions, suggesting that these sensory systems may process information in similar ways; other tactile illusions don't have obvious visual or auditory analogs.
Multisensory integration, also known as multimodal integration, is the study of how information from the different sensory modalities may be integrated by the nervous system. A coherent representation of objects combining modalities enables animals to have meaningful perceptual experiences. Indeed, multisensory integration is central to adaptive behavior because it allows animals to perceive a world of coherent perceptual entities. Multisensory integration also deals with how different sensory modalities interact with one another and alter each other's processing.
Sensory substitution is a change of the characteristics of one sensory modality into stimuli of another sensory modality.
Perceptual psychology is a subfield of cognitive psychology that concerns the conscious and unconscious innate aspects of the human cognitive system: perception.
In cognitive psychology, the word superiority effect (WSE) refers to the phenomenon that people have better recognition of letters presented within words as compared to isolated letters and to letters presented within nonword strings. Studies have also found a WSE when letter identification within words is compared to letter identification within pseudowords and pseudohomophones.
Within computer technology, the gaze-contingency paradigm is a general term for techniques allowing a computer screen display to change in function depending on where the viewer is looking. Gaze-contingent techniques are part of the eye movement field of study in psychology.
Haptic perception means literally the ability "to grasp something". Perception in this case is achieved through the active exploration of surfaces and objects by a moving subject, as opposed to passive contact by a static subject during tactile perception.
Roberta "Bobby Lou" Klatzky is a Professor of Psychology at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). She specializes in human perception and cognition, particularly relating to visual and non-visual perception and representation of space and geometric shapes. Klatzky received a B.A. in mathematics from the University of Michigan in 1968 and a Ph.D. in psychology from Stanford University in 1972. She has done extensive research on human haptic and visual object recognition, navigation under visual and nonvisual guidance, and perceptually guided action.
Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment through photopic vision, color vision, scotopic vision, and mesopic vision, using light in the visible spectrum reflected by objects in the environment. This is different from visual acuity, which refers to how clearly a person sees. A person can have problems with visual perceptual processing even if they have 20/20 vision.
In physiology, the somatosensory system is the network of neural structures in the brain and body that produce the perception of touch, as well as temperature (thermoception), body position (proprioception), and pain. It is a subset of the sensory nervous system, which also represents visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli.
Perceptual learning is learning better perception skills such as differentiating two musical tones from one another or categorizations of spatial and temporal patterns relevant to real-world expertise. Examples of this may include reading, seeing relations among chess pieces, and knowing whether or not an X-ray image shows a tumor.
Haptic memory is the form of sensory memory specific to touch stimuli. Haptic memory is used regularly when assessing the necessary forces for gripping and interacting with familiar objects. It may also influence one's interactions with novel objects of an apparently similar size and density. Similar to visual iconic memory, traces of haptically acquired information are short lived and prone to decay after approximately two seconds. Haptic memory is best for stimuli applied to areas of the skin that are more sensitive to touch. Haptics involves at least two subsystems; cutaneous, or everything skin related, and kinesthetic, or joint angle and the relative location of body. Haptics generally involves active, manual examination and is quite capable of processing physical traits of objects and surfaces.
Object-based attention refers to the relationship between an ‘object’ representation and a person’s visually stimulated, selective attention, as opposed to a relationship involving either a spatial or a feature representation; although these types of selective attention are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Research into object-based attention suggests that attention improves the quality of the sensory representation of a selected object, and results in the enhanced processing of that object’s features.
During every moment of an organism's life, sensory information is being taken in by sensory receptors and processed by the nervous system. Sensory information is stored in sensory memory just long enough to be transferred to short-term memory. Humans have five traditional senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch. Sensory memory (SM) allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased. A common demonstration of SM is a child's ability to write letters and make circles by twirling a sparkler at night. When the sparkler is spun fast enough, it appears to leave a trail which forms a continuous image. This "light trail" is the image that is represented in the visual sensory store known as iconic memory. The other two types of SM that have been most extensively studied are echoic memory, and haptic memory; however, it is reasonable to assume that each physiological sense has a corresponding memory store. For example, children have been shown to remember specific "sweet" tastes during incidental learning trials but the nature of this gustatory store is still unclear. However, sensory memories might be related to a region of the thalamus, which serves as a source of signals encoding past experiences in the neocortex.
Farley Norman is a professor of psychological sciences at Western Kentucky University. He is a co-director of the Gustav Fechner Perception Laboratory at Western Kentucky University, along with his wife, Hideko Norman.
In psychology and neuroscience, multiple object tracking (MOT) refers to the ability of humans and other animals to simultaneously monitor multiple objects as they move. It is also the term for certain laboratory techniques used to study this ability.
Lola L. Cuddy is a Canadian psychologist recognized for her contributions to the field of music psychology. She is a professor emerita in the Department of Psychology at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario.
An accidental viewpoint is a singular position from which an image can be perceived, creating either an ambiguous image or an illusion. The image perceived at this angle is viewpoint-specific, meaning it cannot be perceived at any other position, known as generic or non-accidental viewpoints. These view-specific angles are involved in object recognition. In its uses in art and other visual illusions, the accidental viewpoint creates the perception of depth often on a two-dimensional surface with the assistance of monocular cues.
Sharlene D. Newman is an American cognitive neuroscientist, executive director of the Alabama Life Research Institute at the University of Alabama (UA), Professor in the Department of Psychology at UA, and an adjunct professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University.
References
- 1 2 "Susan Lederman | Department of Psychology". Queen's University. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- ↑ Verry, René (1998). "Don't Take Touch for Granted: An Interview with Susan Lederman". Teaching of Psychology. 25 (1): 64–67. doi:10.1207/s15328023top2501_21. ISSN 0098-6283. S2CID 145252018.
- 1 2 Boswell, Randy (2001-03-09). "Technology would allow 'touch' on Web". The Ottawa Citizen. p. 1. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
- ↑ Lederman, Susan J.; Thorne, Georgie; Jones, Bill (1986). "Perception of texture by vision and touch: Multidimensionality and intersensory integration". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 12 (2): 169–180. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.12.2.169. ISSN 1939-1277. PMID 2940321.
- ↑ Lederman, Susan J. (1983). "Tactual roughness perception: Spatial and temporal determinants". Canadian Journal of Psychology. 37 (4): 498–511. doi:10.1037/h0080750. ISSN 0008-4255.
- ↑ Lederman, Susan J; Klatzky, Roberta L (1990). "Haptic classification of common objects: Knowledge-driven exploration". Cognitive Psychology. 22 (4): 421–459. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(90)90009-S. PMID 2253454. S2CID 6619282.
- ↑ Klatzky, Roberta L.; Lederman, Susan J.; Metzger, Victoria A. (1985). "Identifying objects by touch: An "expert system"". Perception & Psychophysics. 37 (4): 299–302. doi: 10.3758/BF03211351 . ISSN 0031-5117. PMID 4034346.
- ↑ Kilgour, Andrea R.; Lederman, Susan J. (2002). "Face recognition by hand". Perception & Psychophysics. 64 (3): 339–352. doi: 10.3758/BF03194708 . ISSN 0031-5117. PMID 12049276.
- ↑ Lederman, S.J.; Klatzky, R.L.; Abramowicz, A.; Salsman, K.; Kitada, R.; Hamilton, C. (2007). "Haptic Recognition of Static and Dynamic Expressions of Emotion in the Live Face". Psychological Science. 18 (2): 158–164. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01866.x. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 17425537. S2CID 18413103.
- ↑ Pedwell, Carolyn (2001-01-19). "Profs contributed to new $10 bill". Queen's Journal. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- ↑ Colgate, J. Edward (2010). "An Interview with Susan Lederman". IEEE Transactions on Haptics. 3 (4): 231–233. doi:10.1109/TOH.2010.48. ISSN 1939-1412.
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