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Functional neuroimaging is the use of neuroimaging technology to measure an aspect of brain function,often with a view to understanding the relationship between activity in certain brain areas and specific mental functions. It is primarily used as a research tool in cognitive neuroscience,cognitive psychology,neuropsychology,and social neuroscience.
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John Gabrieli is a neuroscientist at MIT,and an Investigator at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research. He is the Grover Hermann Professor of Health Sciences and Technology,a faculty member in the department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and director of the Athinoula A. Martinos Imaging Center,part of the McGovern Institute. Gabrieli is an expert on the brain mechanisms of human cognition,including memory,thought and emotion. His work includes neuroimaging studies on healthy adults and children as well as clinical patients with many different brain disorders,including schizophrenia,depression,Alzheimer's disease,autism and dyslexia.
Dr. Christopher deCharms is a neuroscientist,author,and inventor. Currently,Dr. deCharms is the founder and CEO of Brainful,a life-sciences companies focused on neurotechnology,including technology based on imaging methods that allow people to watch the activation of their own brains 'live' using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
In neuroscience,the default mode network (DMN),also known as the default network,default state network,or anatomically the medial frontoparietal network (M-FPN),is a large-scale brain network primarily composed of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex,posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus and angular gyrus. It is best known for being active when a person is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest,such as during daydreaming and mind-wandering. It can also be active during detailed thoughts related to external task performance. Other times that the DMN is active include when the individual is thinking about others,thinking about themselves,remembering the past,and planning for the future.
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Resting state fMRI is a method of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that is used in brain mapping to evaluate regional interactions that occur in a resting or task-negative state,when an explicit task is not being performed. A number of resting-state brain networks have been identified,one of which is the default mode network. These brain networks are observed through changes in blood flow in the brain which creates what is referred to as a blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal that can be measured using fMRI.
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Dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) refers to the observed phenomenon that functional connectivity changes over a short time. Dynamic functional connectivity is a recent expansion on traditional functional connectivity analysis which typically assumes that functional networks are static in time. DFC is related to a variety of different neurological disorders,and has been suggested to be a more accurate representation of functional brain networks. The primary tool for analyzing DFC is fMRI,but DFC has also been observed with several other mediums. DFC is a recent development within the field of functional neuroimaging whose discovery was motivated by the observation of temporal variability in the rising field of steady state connectivity research.
CONN is a Matlab-based cross-platform imaging software for the computation,display,and analysis of functional connectivity in fMRI in the resting state and during task.
Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) is a framework for specifying models,fitting them to data and comparing their evidence using Bayesian model comparison. It uses nonlinear state-space models in continuous time,specified using stochastic or ordinary differential equations. DCM was initially developed for testing hypotheses about neural dynamics. In this setting,differential equations describe the interaction of neural populations,which directly or indirectly give rise to functional neuroimaging data e.g.,functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI),magnetoencephalography (MEG) or electroencephalography (EEG). Parameters in these models quantify the directed influences or effective connectivity among neuronal populations,which are estimated from the data using Bayesian statistical methods.
Social cognitive neuroscience is the scientific study of the biological processes underpinning social cognition. Specifically,it uses the tools of neuroscience to study "the mental mechanisms that create,frame,regulate,and respond to our experience of the social world". Social cognitive neuroscience uses the epistemological foundations of cognitive neuroscience,and is closely related to social neuroscience. Social cognitive neuroscience employs human neuroimaging,typically using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Human brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct-current stimulation are also used. In nonhuman animals,direct electrophysiological recordings and electrical stimulation of single cells and neuronal populations are utilized for investigating lower-level social cognitive processes.
Network neuroscience is an approach to understanding the structure and function of the human brain through an approach of network science,through the paradigm of graph theory. A network is a connection of many brain regions that interact with each other to give rise to a particular function. Network Neuroscience is a broad field that studies the brain in an integrative way by recording,analyzing,and mapping the brain in various ways. The field studies the brain at multiple scales of analysis to ultimately explain brain systems,behavior,and dysfunction of behavior in psychiatric and neurological diseases. Network neuroscience provides an important theoretical base for understanding neurobiological systems at multiple scales of analysis.
Dimitri Van De Ville is a Swiss and Belgian computer scientist and neuroscientist specialized in dynamical and network aspects of brain activity. He is a professor of bioengineering at EPFL and the head of the Medical Image Processing Laboratory at EPFL's School of Engineering.
Michelle Hampson is an American neuroscientist who is an Associate Professor of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging at Yale University. She serves as director of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Alfonso Nieto-Castanon is a Spanish computational neuroscientist and developer of computational neuroimaging analysis methods and tools. He is a visiting researcher at the Boston University College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences,and research affiliate at MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research. His research focuses on the understanding and characterization of human brain dynamics underlying mental function.
Functional MRI imaging methods have allowed researchers to combine neurocognitive testing with structural neuroanatomical measures,take into consideration both cognitive and affective paradigms,and subsequently create computer-aided diagnosis techniques and algorithms. Functional MRI has several benefits,such as its non-invasive quality,relatively high spatial resolution,and decent temporal resolution. One particular method used in recent research is resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging,rs-fMRI. fMRI imaging has been applied to numerous behavioral studies for schizophrenia,the findings of which have hinted toward potential brain regions that govern key characteristics in cognition and affect.
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- ↑ "Functional connectome organization predicts conversion to psychosis in clinical high-risk youth from the SHARP program".
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