Shekel or sheqel is an ancient Mesopotamian coin,usually of silver. A shekel was first a unit of weight—very roughly 11 grams (0.39 oz)—and became currency in ancient Tyre and ancient Carthage and then in ancient Israel under the Maccabees.
The history of ancient Greek coinage can be divided into four periods:the Archaic,the Classical,the Hellenistic and the Roman. The Archaic period extends from the introduction of coinage to the Greek world during the 7th century BC until the Persian Wars in about 480 BC. The Classical period then began,and lasted until the conquests of Alexander the Great in about 330 BC,which began the Hellenistic period,extending until the Roman absorption of the Greek world in the 1st century BC. The Greek cities continued to produce their own coins for several more centuries under Roman rule. The coins produced during this period are called Roman provincial coins or Greek Imperial Coins.
Roman Republican currency refers to the Coinage struck by the various magistrates of the Roman Republic,to be used as legal tender. In modern times,the abbreviation RRC,"Roman Republican Coinage" originally the name of a reference work on the topic by Michael H. Crawford,has come to be used as an identifying tag for coins assigned a number in that work,such as RRC 367.
Token money,or token,is a form of money that has a lesser intrinsic value compared to its face value. Token money is anything that is accepted as money,not due to its intrinsic value but instead because of custom or legal enactment. Token money costs less to produce than its face value. A banknote,e.g a five pound note,is token money because despite its value being 5 pounds it only costs significantly less to produce. A gold coin is not considered token money. The Token money system has been adopted in many businesses around the world as an effective way to exchange value between companies and customers. Token money as a system is predominantly used in mobile games,but is also used in the realm of e-commerce. Token money is similar to fiat money which also has little intrinsic value,however they differ in that token money is a limited legal tender. The adoption of token money has improved transaction efficiency,as the practicalty of transacting with sums of gold poses a larger security risk. In a commodity economy,money is a measure of the value of goods and services (prices) within a sovereign country or the same economy,as well as a particular commodity to pay off debts. The token is also used as a medium of exchange,as a store of value,and as a unit of account. Digital currenncies using decentralized blockchain technology are also a form of token money.
The Achaemenid Empire issued coins from 520 BCE–450 BCE to 330 BCE. The Persian daric was the first gold coin which,along with a similar silver coin,the siglos represented the first bimetallic monetary standard. It seems that before the Persians issued their own coinage,a continuation of Lydian coinage under Persian rule is likely. Achaemenid coinage includes the official imperial issues,as well as coins issued by the Achaemenid provincial governors (satraps),such as those stationed in Asia Minor.
The tetradrachm was a large silver coin that originated in Ancient Greece. It was nominally equivalent to four drachmae. Over time the tetradrachm became effectively the standard coin of the Antiquity,spreading well beyond the borders of the Greek World. As a result,tetradrachms were minted in vast quantities by various polities in many weight and finesse standards,though the Athens-derived Attic standard of about 17.2 grams was the most common.
The Punic people,or western Phoenicians,were a Semitic people in the Western Mediterranean who migrated from Canaan to North Africa during the Early Iron Age. In modern scholarship,the term Punic –the Latin equivalent of the Greek-derived term Phoenician –is exclusively used to refer to Phoenicians in the western Mediterranean,following the line of the Greek East and Latin West.
The danake or danace was a small silver coin of the Persian Empire,equivalent to the Greek obol and circulated among the eastern Greeks. Later it was used by the Greeks in other metals. The 2nd-century AD grammarian Julius Pollux gives the name as danikê or danakê or danikon and says that it was a Persian coin,but by Pollux's time this was an anachronism.
Carthage was a settlement in modern Tunisia that later became a city-state and then an empire. Founded by the Phoenicians in the ninth century BC,it was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC,who later rebuilt the city lavishly. At its height in the fourth century BC,Carthage was one of the largest metropolises in the world,and the centre of the Carthaginian Empire,a major power in the ancient world that dominated the western Mediterranean.
The League of the Macedonians was a confederationally-organized commonwealth institution consisting of all Macedonian communities united around a monarch. It can be paralleled from the koinon of the Molossians,but it seems that the Macedonian koinon had far less power than that of the Molossians. The capital,or headquarters,of the Macedonian koinon was the city of Beroia.
Honor Frost was a pioneer in the field of underwater archaeology,who led many Mediterranean archaeological investigations,especially in Lebanon,and was noted for her typology of stone anchors and skills in archaeological illustration.
The Swiss Numismatic Society was founded in 1879 and is a registered non-profit organization. It is the overall Swiss association of individuals and institutions with an interest in ancient and modern numismatics.
Robert Ross Holloway is an American archaeologist,founder of the independent center for Mediterranean archaeology at Brown University,and the Elisha Benjamin Andrews Professor Emeritus of Brown University,where he taught from 1964 to his retirement in 2006.
Martin Jessop Price was a British numismatist who was made a Merit Deputy Keeper of the British Museum in 1978,a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute and was a visiting fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton,New Jersey,1986-87. In 1992 he was awarded the medal of the Royal Numismatic Society. He was educated at King's School,Canterbury and Queens' College,Cambridge,where he graduated with a firsts in classics. In 1961,he won a Greek government scholarship which introduced him to the British School of Athens. In 1966,he was appointed Assistant Keeper in the Department of Coins and Medals at the British Museum,under Kenneth Jenkins,and was eventually appointed Deputy Keeper in 1978 which is a position he held until September 1994 when he became Director at the British School of Athens until his death.
Carthaginian or Punic currency refers to the coins of ancient Carthage,a Phoenician city-state located near present-day Tunis,Tunisia. Between the late fifth century BC and its destruction in 146 BC,Carthage produced a wide range of coinage in gold,electrum,silver,billon,and bronze. The base denomination was the shekel,probably pronounced in Punic. Only a minority of Carthaginian coinage was produced or used in North Africa. Instead,the majority derive from Carthage's holdings in Sardinia and western Sicily.
Agnes Baldwin Brett was an American numismatist and archaeologist who worked as the Curator at the American Numismatic Society from 1910 to 1913. She was the first paid curator at the American Numismatic Society. She made important contributions to the study of ancient coinage,medals,and sculpture,whose work was used by later archaeologists. Brett was also a visiting lecturer of archaeology at Columbia University in 1936.
Greek coinage of Italy and Sicily originated from local Italiotes and Siceliotes who formed numerous city states. These Hellenistic communities descended from Greek migrants. Southern Italy was so thoroughly hellenized that it was known as the Magna Graecia. Each of the polities struck their own coinage.
The Kabul hoard,also called the Chaman Hazouri,Chaman Hazouri or Tchamani-i Hazouri hoard,is a coin hoard discovered in the vicinity of Kabul,Afghanistan in 1933. The collection contained numerous Achaemenid coins as well as many Greek coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Approximately one thousand coins were counted in the hoard. The deposit of the hoard is dated to approximately 380 BCE,as this is the probable date of the least ancient datable coin found in the hoard.
Andrew Michael Burnett,is a British numismatist and museum curator,who specialises in Roman coins. He was Deputy Director of the British Museum from 2003 to 2013,and Keeper of its Department of Coins and Medals from 1992 to 2003. He was president of the Royal Numismatic Society from 2013 to 2018.
Baalshillem I was a Phoenician King of Sidon,and a vassal of the Achaemenid Empire. He was succeeded by his son Abdamun to the throne of Sidon.
