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An eating disorder is a mental disorder defined by abnormal eating behaviors that adversely affect a person's physical or mental health. Types of eating disorders include binge eating disorder,where the patient eats a large amount in a short period of time;anorexia nervosa,where the person has an intense fear of gaining weight and restricts food or overexercises to manage this fear;bulimia nervosa,where individuals eat a large quantity (binging) then try to rid themselves of the food (purging);pica,where the patient eats non-food items;rumination syndrome,where the patient regurgitates undigested or minimally digested food;avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID),where people have a reduced or selective food intake due to some psychological reasons;and a group of other specified feeding or eating disorders. Anxiety disorders,depression and substance abuse are common among people with eating disorders. These disorders do not include obesity. People often experience comorbidity between an eating disorder and OCD. It is estimated 20–60% of patients with an ED have a history of OCD.
Eating is the ingestion of food. In biology,this is typically done to provide a heterotrophic organism with energy and nutrients and to allow for growth. Animals and other heterotrophs must eat in order to survive —carnivores eat other animals,herbivores eat plants,omnivores consume a mixture of both plant and animal matter,and detritivores eat detritus. Fungi digest organic matter outside their bodies as opposed to animals that digest their food inside their bodies.
Appetite is the desire to eat food items,usually due to hunger. Appealing foods can stimulate appetite even when hunger is absent,although appetite can be greatly reduced by satiety. Appetite exists in all higher life-forms,and serves to regulate adequate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs. It is regulated by a close interplay between the digestive tract,adipose tissue and the brain. Appetite has a relationship with every individual's behavior. Appetitive behaviour also known as approach behaviour,and consummatory behaviour,are the only processes that involve energy intake,whereas all other behaviours affect the release of energy. When stressed,appetite levels may increase and result in an increase of food intake. Decreased desire to eat is termed anorexia,while polyphagia is increased eating. Dysregulation of appetite contributes to anorexia nervosa,bulimia nervosa,cachexia,overeating,and binge eating disorder.
Binge eating disorder (BED) is an eating disorder characterized by frequent and recurrent binge eating episodes with associated negative psychological and social problems,but without the compensatory behaviors common to bulimia nervosa,OSFED,or the binge-purge subtype of anorexia nervosa.
A food craving is an intense desire to consume a specific food,and is different from normal hunger. It may or may not be related to specific hunger,the drive to consume particular nutrients that is well-studied in animals. In studies of food cravings,chocolate and chocolate confectioneries almost always top the list of foods people say they crave;this craving is referred to as chocoholism. The craving of non-food items as food is called pica.
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a feeding or eating disorder in which people avoid eating certain foods,or restrict their diets to the point it ultimately results in nutritional deficiencies. This can be due to the sensory characteristics of food,such as its appearance,smell,texture,or taste;due to fear of negative consequences such as choking or vomiting;having little interest in eating or food,or a combination of these factors. People with ARFID may also be afraid of trying new foods,a fear known as food neophobia.
Palatability is the hedonic reward provided by foods or fluids that are agreeable to the "palate",which often varies relative to the homeostatic satisfaction of nutritional and/or water needs. The palatability of a food or fluid,unlike its flavor or taste,varies with the state of an individual:it is lower after consumption and higher when deprived. It has increasingly been appreciated that this can create a hunger that is independent of homeostatic needs.
Animal psychopathology is the study of mental or behavioral disorders in non-human animals.
Hunger is a sensation that motivates the consumption of food. The sensation of hunger typically manifests after only a few hours without eating and is generally considered to be unpleasant. Satiety occurs between 5 and 20 minutes after eating. There are several theories about how the feeling of hunger arises. The desire to eat food,or appetite,is another sensation experienced with regard to eating.
Research into food choice investigates how people select the food they eat. An interdisciplinary topic,food choice comprises psychological and sociological aspects,economic issues and sensory aspects.
Drunkorexia is a colloquialism for anorexia or bulimia combined with an alcohol use disorder. The term is generally used to denote the utilization of extreme weight control methods to compensate for planned binge drinking. Research on the combination of an eating disorder and binge drinking has primarily focused on college-aged women,though the phenomenon has also been noted among young men. Studies suggest that individuals engage in this combination of self-imposed malnutrition and binge drinking to avoid weight gain from alcohol,to save money for purchasing alcohol,and to facilitate alcohol intoxication.
Ingestive behaviors encompass all eating and drinking behaviors. These actions are influenced by physiological regulatory mechanisms;these mechanisms exist to control and establish homeostasis within the human body. Disruptions in these ingestive regulatory mechanisms can result in eating disorders such as obesity,anorexia,and bulimia.
Nutrition psychology (NP) is the psychological study of the relationship between dietary intake and different aspects of psychological health. It is an applied field that uses an interdisciplinary approach to examine the influence of diet on mental health. Nutrition psychology seeks to understand the relationship between nutritional behavior and mental health/well-being NP is a sub-field of psychology and more specifically of health psychology. It may be applied to numerous different fields including:psychology,dietetics,nutrition,and marketing. NP is a fairly new field with a brief history that has already started to contribute information and knowledge to psychology. There are two main areas of controversy within nutrition psychology. The first area of controversy is that the topic can be viewed in two different ways. It can be viewed as nutrition affecting psychological functions,or psychological choices and behavior influencing nutrition and health. The second controversy is the defining of what is "healthy" or "normal" as related to nutrition.
Emotional eating,also known as stress eating and emotional overeating,is defined as the "propensity to eat in response to positive and negative emotions". While the term commonly refers to eating as a means of coping with negative emotions,it sometimes include eating for positive emotions,such as overeating when celebrating an event or to enhance an already good mood.
Hedonic hunger or hedonic hyperphagia is the "drive to eat to obtain pleasure in the absence of an energy deficit". Particular foods may have a high "hedonic rating" or individuals may have increased susceptibility to environmental food cues. Weight loss programs may aim to control or to compensate for hedonic hunger. Therapeutic interventions may influence hedonic eating behavior.
Expected satiety is the amount of relief from hunger that is expected from a particular food. It is closely associated with expected satiation which refers to the immediate fullness that a food is expected to generate.
The psychology of eating meat is an area of study seeking to illuminate the confluence of morality,emotions,cognition,and personality characteristics in the phenomenon of the consumption of meat. Research into the psychological and cultural factors of meat-eating suggests correlations with masculinity,support for hierarchical values,and reduced openness to experience. Because meat eating is widely practiced but is sometimes associated with ambivalence,it has been used as a case study in moral psychology to illustrate theories of cognitive dissonance and moral disengagement. Research into the consumer psychology of meat is relevant both to meat industry marketing and to advocates of reduced meat consumption.
Soul food is a kind of African American cuisine that encompasses a variety of fried,roasted,and boiled food dishes consisting of chicken and pork meats,sweet potatoes,corn,leafy greens and other vegetables. Soul food has long been embedded in African American culture,but pushes towards healthy eating habits,for both physical and mental health,have adapted soul food cuisine to fit within health trends. This article will describe modifications of traditional soul food within health trends,including soul food with low carb,soul food with low sugar,soul food with low fat,soul food for vegan and soul food in gluten-free.
Food psychology is the psychological study of how people choose the food they eat,along with food and eating behaviors. Food psychology is an applied psychology,using existing psychological methods and findings to understand food choice and eating behaviors. Factors studied by food psychology include food cravings,sensory experiences of food,perceptions of food security and food safety,price,available product information such as nutrition labeling and the purchasing environment. Food psychology also encompasses broader sociocultural factors such as cultural perspectives on food,public awareness of "what constitutes a sustainable diet",and food marketing including "food fraud" where ingredients are intentionally motivated for economic gain as opposed to nutritional value. These factors are considered to interact with each other along with an individual's history of food choices to form new food choices and eating behaviors.
A variety of behaviors whereby people are highly selective in what they eat and do not eat are known as picky eating or selective eating. Selective eating is common in younger children and can also sometimes be seen in adults.
References
- ↑ "Professor Suzanne Higgs". birmingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ↑ Higgs, Suzanne (October 2002). "Memory for recent eating and its influence on subsequent food intake". Appetite . 39 (2): 159–166. doi:10.1006/appe.2002.0500. PMID 12354684. S2CID 22842724 . Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ↑ Higgs, Suzanne (19 May 2005). "Memory and its role in appetite regulation". Physiology & Behavior . 85 (1): 67–72. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.04.003. PMID 15924907. S2CID 12971264 . Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ↑ "S. Higgs Editor-in-Chief, Appetite". Appetite. 59 (3). December 2012. doi: 10.1016/S0195-6663(12)00417-5 . S2CID 54253966 . Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ↑ "£333K grant awarded to research a social norms approach to encourage healthier eating". birmingham.ac.uk. 27 September 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ↑ Higgs, Suzanne (March 2015). "Social norms and their influence on eating behaviours". Appetite. 86: 38–44. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.021. PMID 25451578. S2CID 13510190 . Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ↑ "Dr Suzanne Higgs named President Elect of the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior". birmingham.ac.uk. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ↑ "Taking a new approach to appetite". birmingham.ac.uk. 4 December 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ↑ "ESRC grant awarded to study how eating with others affects appetite". birmingham.ac.uk. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
