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Diarrhea,also spelled diarrhoea or diarrhœa,is the condition of having at least three loose,liquid,or watery bowel movements in a day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progress to decreased urination,loss of skin color,a fast heart rate,and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe. Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are exclusively breastfed,however,are normal.
Malnutrition occurs when an organism gets too few or too many nutrients,resulting in health problems. Specifically,it is a deficiency,excess,or imbalance of energy,protein and other nutrients which adversely affects the body's tissues and form.
Gopinath Balakrish Nair is an Indian microbiologist known for his work on cholera. At present,he is the Ag. Regional Adviser,Research Policy and Cooperation Unit,Department of Communicable Diseases,World Health Organization. Before joining WHO,he was the executive director of Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI),Faridabad,NCR,India. Before joining THSTI,he was working in NICED as the director. He has also served as the director of Laboratory Sciences Division at the International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research,,Dhaka,Bangladesh.
The Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics (APUA) is a non-profit organization founded in 1981 by Stuart B. Levy (1938–2019),Professor of Medicine at Tufts University and headquartered in Boston,Massachusetts. APUA's mission is to strengthen society's defenses against infectious disease by promoting appropriate access and use to antimicrobial agents and controlling antimicrobial resistance on a worldwide basis. APUA has a network of affiliated chapters in over 50 countries,and conducts applied antimicrobial resistance research,education,capacity building and advocacy at the global and grassroots levels.
ICDDR,B is an international health research organisation located in Dhaka,Bangladesh. Dedicated to saving lives through research and treatment,ICDDR,B addresses some of the most critical health concerns facing the world today,ranging from improving neonatal survival to HIV/AIDS. In collaboration with academic and research institutions worldwide,ICDDR,B conducts research,training and extension activities,as well as programme-based initiatives,to develop and share knowledge for global lifesaving solutions.
Panta Bhat or Poita Bhat consists of cooked rice soaked and fermented in water. The liquid part is known as Toraṇi. It is a rice-based dish prepared by soaking rice,generally leftover,in water overnight. Traditionally served in the morning with salt,onion,chili and Aloo Makha/Alu Pitika. It is consumed in eastern Indian states of West Bengal,Odisha (Pakhala),Jharkhand,Chhattisgarh,Assam,Tripura and in the country of Bangladesh. Panta Bhat with Ilish (Hilsha) is the National Dish of Bangladesh. It is a popular dish on the day of Pahela Baishakh or Bengali new year. It has been described in documents from 17th century. Panta bhat has more micronutrients than fresh rice. It is traditionally considered as beneficial in conditions.
Dilip Mahalanabis was an Indian paediatrician known for pioneering the use of oral rehydration therapy to treat diarrhoeal diseases. Mahalanabis had begun researching oral rehydration therapy in 1966 as a research investigator for the Johns Hopkins University International Center for Medical Research and Training in Calcutta,India. During the Bangladeshi war for independence,he led the effort by the Johns Hopkins Center that demonstrated the dramatic life-saving effectiveness of oral rehydration therapy when cholera broke out in 1971 among refugees from East Bengal who had sought asylum in West Bengal. The simple,inexpensive Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) gained acceptance,and was later hailed as one of the most important medical advances of the 20th century.
Richard Alan Cash was an American global health researcher,public health physician,and internist. He was a Senior Lecturer in International Health at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston.
Shah Mohammad Faruque is a professor and the dean of the School of Environment and Life Sciences at Independent University Bangladesh (IUB). He is widely recognized for his research in Vibrio cholerae,the bacterium which causes the epidemic diarrhoeal disease Cholera. Among other positions,previously he was a professor at BRAC University;director of the Genomics Centre at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,Bangladesh (ICDDR,B),and formerly director of the Centre for Food and Water Borne Diseases in ICDDR,B. His areas of research interest include microbial genomics,bacteriophages,environmental microbiology,ecology,and evolution of bacterial pathogens,particularly those associated with waterborne and foodborne diseases. Faruque is primarily known for his work in genomics,epidemiology and ecology of the cholera pathogen,and its bacteriophages.
Norbert Hirschhorn is an Austrian-born American public health physician. He was one of the inventors and developers of the life-saving method called oral rehydration therapy for adults and children suffering fluid loss from cholera and other infectious diarrheal illnesses. It is estimated that his work has saved around 50 million people suffering from dehydration.
Abdullah H. Baqui is a public health scientist who demonstrated the effectiveness of simple but effective strategies to reduce preventable newborn deaths.
Firdausi Qadri is a Bangladeshi scientist with specialization in immunology and infectious disease research. She has worked over 25 years on the development of vaccines for cholera and has expertise on other infectious disease like ETEC,Typhoid,Helicobacter pylori,rotavirus,etc. Currently,she is working as a director for Centre for Vaccine Sciences of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research,Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). She also serves as chairperson of the Institute for developing Science and Health initiatives. Her scientific achievements lie in enteric infections and vaccines including Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli—major causes of severe diarrhea. She has also focused on studying the immune response in Helicobacter pylori infected people in Bangladesh and the responses in patients with typhoid fever as well as vaccinees. The Government of Bangladesh awarded her the Independence Award in 2023.
Environmental enteropathy is an acquired small intestinal disorder characterized by gut inflammation,reduced absorptive surface area in small intestine,and disruption of intestinal barrier function. EE is most common amongst children living in low-resource settings. Acute symptoms are typically minimal or absent. EE can lead to malnutrition,anemia,stunted growth,impaired brain development,and impaired response to oral vaccinations.
Undernutrition in children,occurs when children do not consume enough calories,protein,or micronutrients to maintain good health. It is common globally and may result in both short and long term irreversible adverse health outcomes. Undernutrition is sometimes used synonymously with malnutrition,however,malnutrition could mean both undernutrition or overnutrition. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that malnutrition accounts for 54 percent of child mortality worldwide,which is about 1 million children. Another estimate,also by WHO,states that childhood underweight is the cause for about 35% of all deaths of children under the age of five worldwide.
Samir Kumar Saha is an eminent Bangladeshi microbiologist and public health expert. He is the professor,senior consultant and head of the department of Diagnostic Division of Microbiology at the Dhaka Shishu Hospital for children and also the executive director of The Child Health Research Foundation (CHRF) at the Bangladesh Institute of Child Health.
Roger I. Glass is an American physician-scientist who served as the Director of the John E. Fogarty International Center.
Jocalyn Clark is a Canadian Public Health Scientist and the International Editor of The BMJ, with responsibility for strategy and internationalising the journal's content,contributors and coverage. From 2016 to 2022,Jocalyn was an Executive Editor at The Lancet,where she led the Commentary section,coordinated peer review,and edited and delivered collections of articles and Commissions on topics such as maternal and child health,oral health,migration,end of life care and gender equity. She led the Lancet's project to advance women in science,medicine,and global health,#LancetWomen. She is also an adjunct professor of Medicine at the University of Toronto and an Honorary Associate Professor at the Institute for Global Health at UCL.
Anita Kaniz Mehdi Zaidi is a Pakistani physician. She is the President of the Gender Equality Division and Director of Vaccine Development,Global Health Surveillance,Diarrhea and Enteric Diseases at the Bill &Melinda Gates Foundation. She has previously served as Professor of Paediatrics and Child Health at the Aga Khan University.
Mathuram Santosham is an Indian American physician who is Professor and Chair at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Santosham is best known for his work on oral rehydration therapy and childhood vaccines,with a focus on supporting people from indigenous communities.
Richard L. Guerrant is an American physician,medical school professor,and medical researcher,specializing in infectious diseases and tropical medicine.
References
- ↑ Lane, Richard (2021-02-06). "Tahmeed Ahmed: new leader of icddr,b". The Lancet. 397 (10273): 463. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00253-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 33549182. S2CID 231809757.
- ↑ "Dr Tahmeed Ahmed made icddr,b executive director". Dhaka Tribune. 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
- ↑ "BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health". bracjpgsph.org. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
- ↑ "Tahmeed Ahmed | University of Washington - Department of Global Health". globalhealth.washington.edu. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
- 1 2 "Gates Foundation Celebrates Children's Health and Nutrition Champions at Goalkeepers 2024: Recipe for Progress". Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lane, Richard (February 2021). "Tahmeed Ahmed: new leader of icddr,b". The Lancet. 397 (10273): 463. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00253-1. PMID 33549182. S2CID 231809757.
- 1 2 3 "icddr,b - Researcher Profile". www.icddrb.org. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
- ↑ "icddr,b - Researcher Profile". www.icddrb.org. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
- ↑ Report, Star Digital (2024-09-28). "Dr Tahmeed Ahmed recognised as Goalkeepers Champion by Gates Foundation". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
- ↑ Foundation, Gates. "Gates Foundation Celebrates Children's Health and Nutrition Champions at Goalkeepers 2024: Recipe for Progress". www.prnewswire.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
- ↑ Ahmed, Tahmeed; Choudhury, Nuzhat; Hossain, M. Iqbal; Tangsuphoom, Nattapol; Islam, M. Munirul; de Pee, Saskia; Steiger, Georg; Fuli, Rachel; Sarker, Shafiqul A. M.; Parveen, Monira; West, Keith P.; Christian, Parul (2014-06-27). "Development and acceptability testing of ready-to-use supplementary food made from locally available food ingredients in Bangladesh". BMC Pediatrics. 14 (1): 164. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-164 . ISSN 1471-2431. PMC 4098698 . PMID 24972632.
- ↑ Chen, Robert Y.; Mostafa, Ishita; Hibberd, Matthew C.; Das, Subhasish; Mahfuz, Mustafa; Naila, Nurun N.; Islam, M. Munirul; Huq, Sayeeda; Alam, M. Ashraful; Zaman, Mahabub U.; Raman, Arjun S.; Webber, Daniel; Zhou, Cyrus; Sundaresan, Vinaik; Ahsan, Kazi (2021-04-22). "A Microbiota-Directed Food Intervention for Undernourished Children". New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (16): 1517–1528. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa2023294 . ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 7993600 . PMID 33826814.
- ↑ Gehrig, Jeanette L.; Venkatesh, Siddarth; Chang, Hao-Wei; Hibberd, Matthew C.; Kung, Vanderlene L.; Cheng, Jiye; Chen, Robert Y.; Subramanian, Sathish; Cowardin, Carrie A.; Meier, Martin F.; O’Donnell, David; Talcott, Michael; Spears, Larry D.; Semenkovich, Clay F.; Henrissat, Bernard (2019-07-12). "Effects of microbiota-directed foods in gnotobiotic animals and undernourished children". Science. 365 (6449): eaau4732. doi:10.1126/science.aau4732. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6683325 . PMID 31296738.
- ↑ "icddr,b - Researcher Profile". www.icddrb.org. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
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