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Porcupine is a census-designated place (CDP) in Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 925 at the 2020 census.
Red Cloud was a leader of the Oglala Lakota from 1865 to 1909. He was one of the most capable Native American opponents whom the United States Army faced in the western territories. He led the Lakota to defeat the United States during Red Cloud's War, establishing the Lakota as the only nation to defeat the United States on American soil. The largest action of the war was the 1866 Fetterman Fight, with 81 US soldiers killed; it was the worst military defeat suffered by the US Army on the Great Plains until the Battle of the Little Bighorn 10 years later.
The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, also called Pine Ridge Agency, is an Oglala Lakota Indian reservation located in the U.S. state of South Dakota, with a small portion of it extending into Nebraska. Originally included within the territory of the Great Sioux Reservation, Pine Ridge was created by the Act of March 2, 1889, 25 Stat. 888. in the southwest corner of South Dakota on the Nebraska border. It consists of 3,468.85 sq mi (8,984 km2) of land area and is one of the largest reservations in the United States.
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) is a professional organization for architects in the United States. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C. AIA offers education, government advocacy, community redevelopment, and public outreach programs, and collaborates with other stakeholders in the design and construction industries.
The National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) is a nonprofit organization comprising the legally constituted architectural registration boards of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands as its members. Its mission is to collaborate with licensing boards to facilitate the licensure and credentialing of architects to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public.
Norma Merrick Sklarek was an American architect. Sklarek was the first African American woman to become a licensed architect in the states of New York (1954) and California (1962), as well as the first Black woman to become a member of the American Institute of Architecture (AIA). Her notable works include the United States Embassy in Tokyo, Japan (1976) and the Terminal One station at the Los Angeles International Airport (1984).Sklarek is credited with helping to pave the way for other female and minority architects. AIA board member Anthony Costello called her the “Rosa Parks of architecture” in the AIA newsletter.
The Oglala are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ. A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the eighth-largest Native American reservation in the United States.
Amos Bad Heart Bull, also known as Waŋblí Wapȟáha, was a noted Oglala Lakota artist in what is called Ledger Art. It is a style that adapts traditional Native American pictography to the new European medium of paper, and named for the accountants' ledger books, available from traders, used by the artists for their drawings and paintings. He was also the tribal historian of the Oglala, as his father Bad Heart Bull was before him.
KILI, licensed to Porcupine, South Dakota, is a non-profit radio station broadcasting to the Lakota people on the Pine Ridge, Cheyenne River, and Rosebud Indian Reservations, part of the Great Sioux Nation.
Theresa B. "Huck" Two Bulls was an attorney, prosecutor and politician in the United States and the Oglala Sioux Tribe. In 2004 she was elected as Democratic member of the South Dakota Senate, representing the 27th district, the first American Indian woman to be elected to the state legislature. She served until 2008. That year Two Bulls was elected as president of the Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation, the second woman to serve in this position. She served one term, which was two years.
Doris Cole,, is an American architect and author. She was a founding principal of Cole and Goyette, Architects and Planners Inc. She is the author of From Tipi to Skyscraper: A History of Women in Architecture. which was the first book on women in architecture in the United States.
Eleanore Kendall Pettersen was an American architect. She was one of the first licensed female architects in New Jersey, where she operated a private practice from 1952 to 2002.
Ellamae Ellis League, was an American architect, the fourth woman registered architect in Georgia and "one of Georgia and the South's most prominent female architects." She practiced for over 50 years, 41 of them from her own firm. From a family of architects, she was the first woman elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA) in Georgia and only the eighth woman nationwide. Several buildings she designed are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In 2016 she was posthumously named a Georgia Woman of Achievement.
Edward A. Vance, FAIA, an American architect, is the principal-in-charge of design and CEO at EV&A Architects, a specialty architecture firm he founded in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2006. Vance has been a registered Architect in 19 states and is certified by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB). He served as the 2019 Chancellor of the American Institute of Architects College of Fellows.
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Charles Francis McAfee,, , is an American architect, building material manufacturer, and housing activist. He was the founding president of Charles F. McAfee Architects, Engineers, and Planners firm which was headquartered in Wichita, Kansas. McAfee has had a distinguished career, and has been considered one of the most important African-American architect in the United States for his social activism in designing affordable housing. He was a mentor to many of Black architects, including two of his own daughters.
Cheryl Lynn McAfee,, , is an American architect. She is the CEO of McAfee3, an architecture firm founded by her father Charles F. McAfee. In 1990, she was the first women to receive an architecture license in the state of Kansas. McAfee was named one of the "Top Women Architects" by Ebony magazine in 1995. McAfee led the design and construction of sports venues of the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta. She is also known as Cheryl Lynn McAfee-Mitchell.
Pascale Sablan is an American architect and designer. She is an associate principal at Adjaye Associates and became a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 2021. Sablan advocates on behalf of women and BIPOC people in architecture as the founder and executive director of Beyond the Built Environment. She previously worked for FXFOWLE and S9 Architecture.
Indigenous architecture in the United States emphasizes the histories of Native Americans in the United States through contemporary design. Many indigenous nations have embraced modern architectural styles when constructing new cultural centers, memorials, and museums. These styles are blended with symbolic design elements that demonstrate the building’s connection to countless generations of tradition. Adding accents of traditional architecture to modern buildings is symbolism in itself - it demonstrates how Indigenous peoples define themselves by their culture yet strive to become an increasingly visible part of contemporary society.
References
- 1 2 3 "Tammy Eagle Bull, FAIA - AIA". www.aia.org. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
- ↑ "Tamara Eagle Bull, FAIA". 50 Years After Whitney Young Jr. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ↑ Hadley, Natalie J.S. (July 1, 2005). "Eagle Bull fulfills her family's vision with architecture work for tribes". The Lincoln Business Journal. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- 1 2 "Beyond Turtle-Shaped Schools". www.minnesotaalumni.org. 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
- 1 2 3 "Tammy Eagle Bull: Stop Appropriating My Culture". www.architectmagazine.com. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
- ↑ "Tammy Eagle Bull". Nā Te Kore. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
- 1 2 3 staff, Mary Garrigan, Journal (19 February 2009). "New Porcupine school christened as natural learning house". Rapid City Journal Media Group. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Indigeneity in Contemporary Architecture". Yale Architecture. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
