Technical Guidance WM2

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Technical Guidance WM2: Hazardous Waste: Interpretation of the definition and classification of hazardous waste [1] is a guidance document developed and jointly published by the English Environment Agency, Natural Resources Wales, Scottish Environment Protection Agency and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency to provide guidance on the assessment and classification of hazardous waste based on the revised Waste Framework Directive [2] definition of hazardous waste. Waste producers, consultants, contractors and waste management companies use the guidance to a) identify the correct waste code for their waste and b) determine whether the waste is hazardous or not based on its chemical composition.

Contents

Regulatory framework

The revised Waste Framework Directive [2] (rWFD) is the primary legislative framework for the collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste across Europe. It uses a waste hierarchy to define a priority order for waste prevention, legislation and policy. WM2 follows the European wide definition of hazardous waste defined by the rWFD as a waste which displays one or more of the fifteen hazard properties listed in Annex III of the rWFD.

Dangerous substances are substances that possess one or more of the 68 Risk Phrases described in the Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC). For example:

The rWFD also refers to the list of wastes known as the European Waste Catalogue (EWC). [3] The EWC contains 846, six digit waste codes arranged in 20 chapters, where each chapter is based on a generic industry or process that generated the waste or upon the type of waste. The EWC differentiates between hazardous and non-hazardous by identifying hazardous waste entries with an asterisk. Examples of a hazardous entry and its equivalent non-hazardous entry from "Chapter 17 Construction and Demolition Wastes (including excavated soil from contaminated sites)" are:

with the * indicating the hazardous entry.

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, the Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances Regulation (CLP Regulation) [4] was published in December 2008. This directly acting regulation amends and repeals both the Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC) and the Dangerous Preparations Directive (1999/45/EC) and amends part of the REACH regulation (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006). Depending on whether you are dealing with substances or mixtures (preparations), these changes take place between 2009 and 2015. [This also means that the CHIP 4 Regulation 2009 [5] will need to be repealed in 2015 as it enacts the two European directives mentioned above.]

Of particular relevance to waste classification and WM2 is Table 3.2 of Annex VI of the CLP. This table is the primary data source for the risk phrases and other attributes for more than 4000 substances.

Note that since the CLP Regulation was first published, it has been amended by six Adaptations to Technical Progress (ATPs). [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] These amendments have particular impact on the substance data managed by Table 3.2.

Hazardous waste assessment

WM2 is a detailed technical guide for the classification and assessment of wastes that may or may not be hazardous. It provides a step by step process to determine whether a waste is hazardous or not along with more detailed guidance when assessing the chemical analysis (composition) of the waste. The basic steps are:

Step 1: Is the waste "directive waste" or required to be assessed due to domestic legislative provision?

Step 2: How is the waste coded and classified in the LoW?

Step 3: Are the substances in the waste known or can they be determined?

Step 4: Are there dangerous substances in the waste?

Step 5: Does the waste possess any of the hazard properties H1 to H15?

Waste containing dangerous substances may be hazardous if the concentrations of those substances are above specified thresholds. This can be checked by

The various calculations required for assessing the different hazard properties are detailed in Appendix C of WM2; this appendix contains 15 separate sections, one for each hazard property.

While classifications can be done by hand or via custom built spreadsheets, these approaches are time consuming, difficult to maintain and to audit. The introduction of commercial software in 2010 allowed users to concentrate on what is in the waste rather than how to carry out the calculations.

Commercial software

Waste acceptance criteria

After the waste has been classified as either hazardous or non hazardous, it can then be assessed with respect to disposal. One of the routes for disposal is to landfill.

Under the Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC), [12] landfills are classified according to whether they can accept hazardous, non-hazardous or inert wastes and wastes can only be accepted at a landfill if they meet the waste acceptance criteria (WAC) for that class of landfill.

To assess against a landfill's WAC, representative samples of the waste are sent to a laboratory for WAC testing (leachate tests). The analysis is needed to demonstrate that as a hazardous waste, or a stable, non reactive hazardous waste, or an inert waste, any load of waste meets the appropriate landfill waste acceptance criteria. The landfill WAC are maximum limits which must not be exceeded and should be viewed as treatment specifications for landfill.

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Directive 67/548/EEC

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European Community number

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European Chemicals Agency Agency of the European Union

The European Chemicals Agency is an agency of the European Union which manages the technical and administrative aspects of the implementation of the European Union regulation called Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). ECHA is the driving force among regulatory authorities in implementing the EU's chemicals legislation. ECHA has to ascertain that companies comply with the legislation, advances the safe use of chemicals, provides information on chemicals and addresses chemicals of concern. It is located in Helsinki, Finland. ECHA is an independent and mature regulatory agency established by REACH. It is not a subsidiary entity of the European Commission.

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals

The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is an internationally agreed-upon standard managed by the United Nations that was set up to replace the assortment of hazardous material classification and labelling schemes previously used around the world. Core elements of the GHS include standardized hazard testing criteria, universal warning pictograms, and harmonized safety data sheets which provide users of dangerous goods with a host of information. The system acts as a complement to the UN Numbered system of regulated hazardous material transport. Implementation is managed through the UN Secretariat. Although adoption has taken time, as of 2017, the system has been enacted to significant extents in most major countries of the world. This includes the European Union, which has implemented the United Nations' GHS into EU law as the CLP Regulation, and United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards.

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CLP Regulation 2008 legal act of the European Union affecting the classification, labelling and packaging of chemicals

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Hazard statements form part of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). They are intended to form a set of standardized phrases about the hazards of chemical substances and mixtures that can be translated into different languages. As such, they serve the same purpose as the well-known R-phrases, which they are intended to replace.

Hazard pictograms form part of the international Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). Two sets of pictograms are included within the GHS: one for the labelling of containers and for workplace hazard warnings, and a second for use during the transport of dangerous goods. Either one or the other is chosen, depending on the target audience, but the two are not used together. The two sets of pictograms use the same symbols for the same hazards, although certain symbols are not required for transport pictograms. Transport pictograms come in wider variety of colors and may contain additional information such as a subcategory number.

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Reproductive toxicity

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Waste framework directive

The Waste Framework Directive (WFD) is a European Union Directive concerned with "measures to protect the environment and human health by preventing or reducing the adverse impacts of the generation and management of waste and by reducing overall impacts of resource use and improving the efficiency of such use". The first Waste Framework Directive dates back to 1975. It had previously been substantially amended in 1991 and 2006. The present directive was adopted on 19 November 2008.

Waste management law

Waste management laws govern the transport, treatment, storage, and disposal of all manner of waste, including municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and nuclear waste, among many other types. Waste laws are generally designed to minimize or eliminate the uncontrolled dispersal of waste materials into the environment in a manner that may cause ecological or biological harm, and include laws designed to reduce the generation of waste and promote or mandate waste recycling. Regulatory efforts include identifying and categorizing waste types and mandating transport, treatment, storage, and disposal practices.

European hazard symbols for chemicals are pictograms defined by the European Union for labelling chemical packaging and containers. They are standardised currently by the CLP/GHS classification.

References

  1. ↑ Technical Guidance WM2: Hazardous Waste; Interpretation of the definition and classification of hazardous waste, Version 3. August 2013, published by the Environment Agency, Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Natural Resources Wales and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency
  2. 1 2 Directive 2008/98/EC: The revised Waste Framework Directive
  3. ↑ Decision 2000/532/EC revised: The revised European Waste Catalogue 2002
  4. ↑ Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008: Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures
  5. ↑ CHIP 4 2009 The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2009
  6. ↑ Regulation (EC) No 790/2009 1st Adaptation to Technical Progress for European Regulation 1272/2008
  7. ↑ Regulation (EU) No 286/2011 2nd Adaptation to Technical Progress for European Regulation 1272/2008
  8. ↑ Regulation (EU) No 618/2012 3rd Adaptation to Technical Progress for European Regulation 1272/2008
  9. ↑ Regulation (EU) No 487/2013 4th Adaptation to Technical Progress for European Regulation 1272/2008
  10. ↑ Regulation (EC) No 944/2013 5th Adaptation to Technical Progress for European Regulation 1272/2008
  11. ↑ Regulation (EC) No 605/2014 6th Adaptation to Technical Progress for European Regulation 1272/2008
  12. ↑ Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
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