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The Hittites were an Anatolian Indo-European people who formed one of the first major civilizations of Bronze Age West Asia. Possibly originating from beyond the Black Sea, they settled in modern day Turkey in the early 2nd millennium BC. The Hitties formed a series of polities in north-central Anatolia, including the kingdom of Kussara, the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom, and an empire centered on Hattusa. Known in modern times as the Hittite Empire, it reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under Šuppiluliuma I, when it encompassed most of Anatolia and parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia.
An edict is a decree or announcement of a law, often associated with monarchism, but it can be under any official authority. Synonyms include "dictum" and "pronouncement". Edict derives from the Latin edictum.
Ebla was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria. Its remains constitute a tell located about 55 km (34 mi) southwest of Aleppo near the village of Mardikh. Ebla was an important center throughout the 3rd millennium BC and in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. Its discovery proved the Levant was a center of ancient, centralized civilization equal to Egypt and Mesopotamia and ruled out the view that the latter two were the only important centers in the Near East during the Early Bronze Age. The first Eblaite kingdom has been described as the first recorded world power.
Samsu-ditāna, inscribed phonetically in cuneiform sa-am-su-di-ta-na in the seals of his servants, the 11th and last king of the Amorite or First Dynasty of Babylon, reigned for 31 years, 1625 – 1595 BC or 1562 – 1531 BC. His reign is best known for its demise with the sudden fall of Babylon at the hands of the Hittites.
Ammuna was a King of the Hittites ca. 1550–1530 BC or 1486–1466 BC. The land seems to have suffered badly during his reign, and he lost a considerable amount of territory.
Telipinu was the last king of the Hittites Old Kingdom, living in 16th century BC, reigned c. 1525-1500 BC in middle chronology. At the beginning of his reign, the Hittite Empire had contracted to its core territories, having long since lost all of its conquests, made in the former era under Hattusili I and Mursili I – to Arzawa in the West, Mitanni in the East, the Kaskians in the North, and Kizzuwatna in the South.
Kizzuwatna was an ancient Anatolian kingdom in the 2nd millennium BC. It was situated in the highlands of southeastern Anatolia, near the Gulf of İskenderun, in modern-day Turkey. It encircled the Taurus Mountains and the Ceyhan River. The centre of the kingdom was the city of Kummanni, in the highlands. In a later era, the same region was known as Cilicia.
Kussara (Kuššar) was a Middle Bronze Age kingdom in Anatolia. The kingdom, though apparently important at one time, is mostly remembered today as the origin of the dynasty that would form the Old Hittite Kingdom.
Zidanta I was a king of the Hittites, ruling for 10 years, ca. 1560–1550 BC or 1496–1486 BC. According to the Telepinu Proclamation, this king became a ruler by murder.
Huzziya I was a king of the Hittites, ruling for 5 years, ca. 1530–1525 BC or 1466–1461 BC.
Sapinuwa was a Bronze Age Hittite city at the location of modern Ortaköy in the province Çorum in Turkey about 70 kilometers east of the Hittite capital of Hattusa. It was one of the major Hittite religious and administrative centres, a military base and an occasional residence of several Hittite kings. The palace at Sapinuwa is discussed in several texts from Hattusa.
Artatama I was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the late fifteenth century BC. His reign coincided with the reigns of Egyptian pharaohs Amenhotep II and Thutmose IV.
Alluwamna was a king of the Hittites in the 15th century BC. He might be a successor of Telipinu as his son-in-law, after the reign of Tahurwaili.
Tahurwaili was a king of the Hittites, c. early 15th century BC or mid 15th century BC. He was a cousin of the King Telipinu.
Aruna was the god of the sea in Hittite religion. His name is identical with the Hittite word for the sea, which could also refer to bodies of water, treated as numina rather than personified deities. His worship was not widespread, and most of the known attestations of it come exclusively from the southeast of Anatolia. He was celebrated in cities such as Ḫubešna and Tuwanuwa.
Harry Angier Hoffner, Jr. was an American professor of Hittitology.
Ḫarapšili was a Hittite queen during the Old Kingdom of Hittites.
Ḫatepuna or Ḫatepinu was a Bronze Age Anatolian goddess of Hattian origin, also worshiped by Hittites and Kaška. She was regarded as the wife of Telipinu, and like him was likely an agricultural deity. In a different tradition, her husband was the male form of the grain deity Ḫalki. It is presumed that she can be identified with the anonymous "daughter of the sea" who appears in two Hittite myths.
Hassum was a Hurrian city-state, located in southern Turkey most probably on the Euphrates river north of Carchemish.
References
- ↑ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Telepinus: Hittite king", in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved: 29 April, 2022.
- ↑ Archi, Alfonso Middle Hittite - "Middle Kingdom" in Hoffner, Harry A. Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner, Jr Eisenbrauns, 2003 ISBN 1575060795
- ↑ Younger, K. Lawson The Underpinnings in Long, Philip Israel's Past in Present Research: Essays on Ancient Israelite Historiography Eisenbrauns, 1999 ISBN 1575060280
- ↑ Liverani, Mario Myth And Politics In Ancient Near Eastern Historiography, Cornell University Press, 2007 ISBN 0801473586