Tennessee's Partner (short story)

Last updated
"Tennessee's Partner"
Short story by Bret Harte
Country United States
Publication
Published in Overland Monthly
Publication type Periodical
Media typePrint
Publication date1869

Tennessee's Partner is a short story by Bret Harte, first published in the Overland Monthly in 1869, which has been described as "one of the earliest 'buddy' stories in American fiction." [1] It was later loosely adapted into four films.

Contents

Background

The characters are reportedly based on the lives of Jason P. Chamberlain and James A. Chaffee, two inseparable friends, who settled in the California gold rush town Second Garrotte in 1852, and built a house, later referred to as Bret Harte's Cabin. [2] [3] [4]

Homosexual context

Logan Scherer, writing about late-nineteenth-century literature in the Oxford American , notes that "Novels and stories about men exploring intimacy with each other abounded: [such as] Bret Harte’s 'Tennessee’s Partner' (1869)." [5] Scherer adds:

It is not until later, after Tennessee’s partner buries the body of his hanged friend, that we see the heart-stopping love he had for his mate: “[F]rom that day his rude health and great strength seemed visibly to decline; and when the rainy season fairly set in, and the tiny grass-blades were beginning to peep from the rocky mound above Tennessee’s grave, he took to his bed.” Tennessee’s partner finally surrenders himself in the midst of a terrible storm: in death they reunite. Harte tells the story of surly frontier besties in the hushed language of inarticulate but star-crossed lovers. Romantic friendship can be exultant or quiet. It can also be tragic.

Plot

An audiobook version of Tennessee’s Partner read by Nick Number.

The story is set in Sandy Bar, an Old West town, and focuses on two men, nicknamed "Tennessee" and "Tennessee's Partner." While Tennessee is a reckless gambler, his partner is humorless and practical. Despite their disparate personalities, they share a strong friendship that did not fail even when Tennessee was responsible for his partner's bride estranging him.

When Tennessee blatantly tries to steal from a stranger, he is arrested and put on trial. Tennessee's Partner tries to stick up for his friend, saying that he might not agree with everything Tennessee does, but he still supports him. Tennessee's Partner then tries to bribe the judge, so as to pay for his partner's crime, but the judge refuses. Tennessee shakes hands with his partner, telling him, "Euchred, old man!" Tennessee's Partner claims that he was just passing through and decided to check up on Tennessee. Neither speak to each other again and Tennessee is hanged.

Tennessee's Partner asks for the body of his friend and as he takes the donkey-cart away, other people follow out of curiosity or jest. Once Tennessee's Partner reaches his cabin, he makes a grave for his dead partner and declares that he carried Tennessee home, just as he'd done while his friend was alive. Weeks later, after declining in health, Tennessee's Partner lies in his death bed on a stormy night and thinks that he needs to go get Tennessee. After an attempt to rise, he is stopped by his attendant, but believes himself to be braving the storm, looking for Tennessee on the trail. In his final moment, Tennessee's Partner imagines himself finding Tennessee, and the story ends with "And so they met".

Publication history

First printed in California in the Overland Monthly for October 1869, [6] "Tennessee's Partner" was reprinted the following month in Baltimore, in the New Eclectic Magazine. [7] In 1870 the story was published in a collected volume of Harte's short stories, printed in Boston, The Luck of Roaring Camp and Other Sketches. Reviews of the volume appeared in the Lakeside Monthly , [8] the Atlantic Monthly [9] and in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine , [10] all giving particular mention to "Tennessee's Partner". In the same year the story was anthologized in London in George Augustus Sala's A 3rd Supply of Yankee Drolleries: The Most Recent Works of the Best American Humourists. Thereafter it continued to appear in magazines, such as Boston's weekly Every Saturday of Jan. 14, 1871, [11] as well as in other anthologies and in collections of Bret Harte's work.

Literary criticism

Films

The short story has been filmed as Tennessee's Pardner (1916), The Flaming Forties (1924), The Golden Princess (1925), and Tennessee's Partner (1955).

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bret Harte</span> American fiction writer and poet (1836–1902)

Bret Harte was an American short story writer and poet best remembered for short fiction featuring miners, gamblers, and other romantic figures of the California Gold Rush. In a career spanning more than four decades, he also wrote poetry, plays, lectures, book reviews, editorials, and magazine sketches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ina Coolbrith</span> American poet laureate, writer, and librarian (1841–1928)

Ina Donna Coolbrith was an American poet, writer, librarian, and a prominent figure in the San Francisco Bay Area literary community. Called the "Sweet Singer of California", she was the first California Poet Laureate and the first poet laureate of any American state.

<i>Tennessees Partner</i> 1955 film by Allan Dwan

Tennessee's Partner is a 1955 American Western film directed by Allan Dwan, written by Graham Baker, D. D. Beauchamp, Milton Krims, and Teddi Sherman, with uncredited rewrites by Dwan, and starring John Payne, Ronald Reagan, Rhonda Fleming, and Coleen Gray.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Outcasts of Poker Flat</span> Short story by Bret Harte

"The Outcasts of Poker Flat" (1869) is a short story written by author of the American West Bret Harte. An example of naturalism and local color of California during the first half of the nineteenth century, the story was first published in January 1869 in the magazine Overland Monthly. It was one of two short stories which brought the author national attention.

<i>Overland Monthly</i> Magazine of the western United States

The Overland Monthly was a monthly literary and cultural magazine, based in California, United States. It was founded in 1868 and published between the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark Twain in popular culture</span>

Mark Twain's legacy includes awards, events, a variety of memorials and namesakes, and numerous works of art, entertainment, and media.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James R. Osgood</span> American publisher

James Ripley Osgood (1836–1892) was an American publisher in Boston. He was involved with the publishing company that became Houghton Mifflin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Heathen Chinee</span> Poem

"The Heathen Chinee", originally published as "Plain Language from Truthful James", is a narrative poem by American writer Bret Harte. It was published for the first time in September 1870 in the Overland Monthly. It was written as a parody of Algernon Charles Swinburne's Atalanta in Calydon (1865), and satirized anti-Chinese sentiment in northern California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Josephine Clifford McCracken</span> California writer and environmentalist

Josephine Clifford McCracken (1839–1921) was a California writer and journalist, a contemporary of Bret Harte, John Muir, Ina Coolbrith, and Joaquin Miller, and an environmentalist. She was a member of the Pacific Coast Women's Press Association.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gorilla suit</span> Creature suit

Gorilla suits are a type of creature suit resembling a gorilla. The gorilla suit is a popular Halloween and costume party costume, and is also used as a source of humour, while more realistic suits have been used both to represent real gorillas in film and on stage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Luck of Roaring Camp</span> Short story by Bret Harte

"The Luck of Roaring Camp" is a short story by American author Bret Harte. It was first published in the August 1868 issue of the Overland Monthly and helped push Harte to international prominence.

<i>The Outcasts of Poker Flat</i> (1919 film) 1919 film

The Outcasts of Poker Flat is a 1919 American silent Western film directed by John Ford and featuring Harry Carey. The film is considered to be lost. The screenplay is based upon the 1869 story of the same name by Bret Harte. Harte's story has been brought to film at least five times, including in 1937 with Preston Foster and in 1952 with Dale Robertson.

<i>The Flaming Forties</i> 1924 film

The Flaming Forties is a 1924 American silent Western film, the sixth of seven features which short-lived motion picture company Stellar Productions released in 1924–1925 as Producers Distributing Corporation vehicles for Harry Carey. Carey was primarily known as a star of Westerns and only one of the seven films did not fit into that genre. Assigned as director was 31-year-old Tom Forman, who less than two years later, in November 1926, died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.

<i>Joseph and His Friend: A Story of Pennsylvania</i> 1870 American novel

Joseph and His Friend: A Story of Pennsylvania is an 1870 novel by American author Bayard Taylor, a prolific writer in many genres. It presented a special attachment between two men and discussed the nature and significance of such a relationship, romantic but not sexual. Critics are divided in interpreting Taylor's novel as a political argument for homosexual relationships or an idealization of male spirituality.

The Tales of the Argonauts is a volume of short stories published by Bret Harte in 1875. The title is sometimes loosely applied to all Harte's stories of early California.

<i>Tennessees Pardner</i> 1916 film

Tennessee's Pardner is a surviving 1916 American Western film directed by George Melford, written by Marion Fairfax, and starring Fannie Ward, Jack Dean, Charles Clary, Jessie Arnold, Ronald Bradbury, and Raymond Hatton. It was released February 6, 1916, by Paramount Pictures.

<i>The Golden Princess</i> 1925 film

The Golden Princess is a 1925 American silent Western film directed by Clarence G. Badger and written by Frances Agnew based upon an 1869 story by Bret Harte. The film stars Betty Bronson, Neil Hamilton, Phyllis Haver, Joseph J. Dowling, Edgar Kennedy, George Irving, and Norma Wills. The film was released on October 5, 1925, by Paramount Pictures.

William Chauncey Bartlett (1818–1907) was an American writer, born December 30, 1818, in Haddam, Connecticut. He attended Williams College, and Ohio University in 1847. He was admitted to Ohio bar, and was a law partner of Hiram Strong in Dayton, Ohio from 1848 to 1855. In 1855 he joined the staff of the Dayton Gazette. In 1857 he preached against slavery in Indianapolis, Indiana.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Netta Eames</span> American writer, magazine editor

Netta Eames was born Ninetta Wiley, in Wisconsin on September 26, 1852. She is commonly known as Netta. She is best known as a writer and magazine editor in the late 1800s and early 1900s. As the editor of the San Francisco based Overland Monthly magazine, she became an early proponent of Jack London as a writer. She wrote the 1900 biography.|group=Note}} and a promotional biography of London in Overland Monthly in 1900, which helped to establish his career. Later she was his business manager and neighbor.

<i>Two Men of Sandy Bar</i> 1916 western movie directed by Lloyd B. Carleton

Two Men of Sandy Bar is a 1916 American silent Western Melodrama directed by Lloyd B. Carleton and starring Hobart Bosworth, Gretchen Lederer along with Emory Johnson.

References

  1. Scofield, Martin (2006-09-14). The Cambridge Introduction to the American Short Story. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–. ISBN   9781139457651 . Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  2. Coates, Frank (1 January 1934). "The early history of Tuolumne County, California". Theses and Dissertations. University of the Pacific (United States): 139. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  3. Brockman, C. Frank (1948). "A Guide to the Mother Lode Country". Yosemite Online. Dan Anderson. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  4. "Near Sonora, Calif. Jany 15/32. "Bret Harte's Cabin, Home of Tennessee's Pardner."". calisphere .
  5. Scherer, Logan (3 September 2019). "Bedfellows Forever, Male romantic friendships in art and life". Oxford American. No. 106. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  6. Overland Monthly vol. 3 at Google Books
  7. New Eclectic Magazine 1869 at Google Books.
  8. Review of the collection in the Lakeside Monthly, June 1870: "They are all scenes from what it is common in cities to denominate "low life" ... "Miggles" and "Tennessee's Partner" are pictures of affection – the one of the purity of woman's love, the other of the devotion of man's friendship – and both illustrated by the grotesque characters of this low life of which we have spoken."
  9. Review of the collection in the Atlantic Monthly, May 1870: "We suppose women generally would not find his stories amusing or touching, though perhaps some woman with an unusual sense of humor would feel the tenderness, the delicacy, and the wit that so win the hearts of his own sex. ... We think it probable that ... a man only could relish the rude pathos of Tennessee's partner"
  10. Review of the collection in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Oct. 1871: "None of the other short stories in the volume are equal to "Roaring Camp," though "Tennessee's Partner," the "Man of no Account," and the "Idyll of Red Gulch," are all very striking, and show the writer's power of bringing out true human nature, tenderness, and moral beauty out of the saddest wrecks and fragments of humanity. We cannot refrain from quoting an unsuccessful attempt on the part of Tennessee's partner to rescue his principal from the hands of Judge Lynch, who had caught and convicted him of aggravated highway robbery, and was about to hang the culprit. ..."
  11. Every Saturday, Volume 2 at Google Books.