The American Israelite is an English-language Jewish newspaper published weekly in Cincinnati, Ohio. Founded in 1854 as The Israelite and assuming its present name in 1874, it is the longest-running English-language Jewish newspaper still published in the United States[2] and the second longest-running Jewish newspaper in the world, after the London-based Jewish Chronicle (founded in 1841).[3][4][5]
The paper's founder, Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, and publisher, Edward Bloch and his Bloch Publishing Company, were both very influential figures in American Jewish life. During the 19th century, The American Israelite became the leading organ for Reform Judaism in America. During the early 20th century, it helped geographically dispersed American Jews, especially in the West and the South of the country, keep in touch with Jewish affairs and their religious identity. The paper has lasted into the 21st century, adding a website and a podcast as publishing technology has evolved.
Founding and early history
The first Jewish newspaper published in Cincinnati was the English-language The Israelite, established on July 15, 1854.[6] It was also among the first Jewish publications in the nation.[7] It was founded by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, who became known as the father of Reform Judaism in the United States.[8] Its initial issues were published by Charles F. Schmidt.[9] The paper lost $600 in its first year, and although Wise repaid the publisher out of his own funds, Schmidt terminated the relationship.[9] Edward Bloch and his Bloch Publishing Company began to publish the paper with the issue of July 27, 1855.[9] Bloch, who was Wise's brother-in-law, subsequently became a major figure among American Jewish publishers.[9]
From the start, the newspaper's motto was יהי אור "Let There Be Light," and still is.[6][10] Its two goals were to propagate the principles of Reform Judaism and to keep American Jews, who often lived in small towns singly or in communities of two or three families, in touch with Jewish affairs and their religious identity.[11]
The publication, along with Die Deborah, a German-language supplement that Wise started the following year, soon attracted a large circulation and was influential in helping the nascent Reform movement spread throughout North America.[12] Both Wise and the paper had a reach beyond Cincinnati, and especially to the growing Jewish communities in the American Midwest and South.[2] In 1858, for instance, the members of Congregation B'nai Israel in Memphis, Tennessee advertised for their first rabbi in The Israelite, at the same time they advertised for a kosher butcher.[8]
September 16, 1859, front page of The Israelite
Despite its spread, the early years of The Israelite were a financial struggle. Most subscribers did not pay their bills, the Panic of 1857 adversely affected it, and the paper lost half its subscribers in the South during the Civil War.[9] Bloch travelled east several times in the late 1850s in order to solicit subscriptions and advertising.[9] Wise's admitted sloppiness in monetary matters did not help either.[9] Nevertheless, the newspaper and Bloch stayed out of bankruptcy and relocated to larger offices twice during this period.[9]
Wise, a prolific writer, published in the editorial columns of The Israelite numerous studies on various subjects of Jewish interest. Besides being the leading organ for American Reform Judaism, it also forcefully defended the civil and religious rights of all Jews.[13] Wise tirelessly expounded his call to the "ministers and other Israelites" of the United States, urging them to form a union which might put an end to the prevalent religious anarchy.[14] In 1873, twenty-five years after he had first broached the idea, the Union of American Hebrew Congregations was organized at Cincinnati.[14] Another campaign he presented in the columns of The Israelite was the desire for an educational institution, and this eventually led to success in 1875 when the Hebrew Union College opened its doors for the reception of students.[14] Wise also wrote a number of novels, which appeared first as serials in the Israelite.[14]
New name and continued influence
The Israelite was renamed The American Israelite beginning with the issue of July 3, 1874.[9] The goal was to make the name more in consonance with the ideas it represented.[11] Despite the change, the paper continued to cover and advocate for not only American Jews but also Jews around the world.[10] By 1879, a typical issue had eight pages 28 by 42 inches (71 by 107cm) in size, and a subscription cost $4, or $5 if the Die Deborah four-page supplement was included.[15]
Rabbi Wise's son Leo Wise, who had become business manager for the paper in 1875,[11] took over as its publisher from 1883 to 1884, and then he did so again, permanently, in 1888 (due apparently to some kind of rupture between Leo Wise and Bloch).[9] A sister publication, The Chicago Israelite, was started in 1885.[9] The papers stressed their reputation in trade publications, stating "None but clean advertisements of reputable houses accepted."[16]
March 29, 1900, page of The American Israelite that announced the death of Isaac Mayer Wise
Leo Wise gradually took over the principle editorial functions from his father,[11] but Rabbi Wise remained active on the paper until his death on March 26, 1900,[10][12] writing an editorial for it just a few days before.[13] Ownership then passed to Leo Wise.[17]
By 1900, The American Israelite, in combination with The Chicago Israelite, claimed a circulation of other 35,000, about 12,000 in Ohio and Illinois and the balance spread across almost every other state as well as Canada and Mexico.[16] The publication Printers' Ink said they had the largest guaranteed circulation of any Jewish newspaper in the U.S.,[16] and it continued to be especially strong in the West and the South.[11] One 1902 book characterized The American Israelite as "the leading Jewish newspaper in the United States and the National Journal of the Jews."[18]
In the early 20th century, the paper's short articles were sometimes picked up and run by The New York Times with a credit "From The American Israelite".[19][20][21] In those years, The American Israelite became known for its very strong stance against the new Zionism movement, calling it in 1902 a "pernicious agitation" that would undermine the acceptance of Jews in the countries where they currently resided.[19] Rabbi David Philipson was among the editorial contributors to the paper[11] who used it to oppose Zionism, arguing that Judaism was a religion exclusively, and thus stateless. Other noted contributors to the paper in this era included Rabbi Moses Mielziner and Jewish history scholar Gotthard Deutsch, as well as other prominent rabbis and Jewish thinkers within the country. The paper gave extensive coverage to the goings-on of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations and the Hebrew Union College (and was sometimes viewed as a publication of them), as well as notices of various rabbinical conferences.[11]
Die Deborah was discontinued after Isaac Wise's death, then resumed for a while.[11]The Chicago Israelite ceased publication in 1920.[22] Leo Wise edited The American Israelite until his retirement at age 78 in 1928[23] (he died in 1933).[17] Another son of Isaac, Isidor Wise, worked as a writer and associate editor for the paper until his death in 1929.[24]
Subsequent history
Leo Wise was succeeded as editor and publisher of The American Israelite in 1928 by his half-brother, Rabbi Jonah Wise of New York, who remained in that city[23] and who himself became a long-time leader of American Reform Judaism.[25]
The Jonah Wise arrangement did not last long, and in 1930, journalist Henry C. Segal bought the paper and became its editor and publisher for more than five decades, until his death in 1985.[26] Along with Isaac Wise, Segal is still named on the paper's masthead.[6]
Contributors to the newspaper in the late 1980s and early 1990s included writer Don Canaan.[27] His four-part series published in 1988, "Jews in Ohio's Prisons: Does Anyone Care?", won the award for best weekly journalism from the Ohio State Bar Association.[27]
By the 1990s, the paper was focusing on local Jewish news.[28] In 1995, The American Israelite was sued for $2 million by an Ohio lawyer for calling him and his son anti-Semitic.[28][29]
By 1998, Ted Deutsch was the editor and publisher.[30] A typical issue ran 24 pages, with color front and back pages and black-and-white inside.[31] Some stories were locally written, while many others were run from the Jewish Telegraphic Agency.[31] It published full facsimile copies of its issues on its website.[31]
Beginning in 2020, The American Israelite initiated a weekly podcast titled "Let There Be Light", hosted by Ted Deutsch and Julie Bernsen Brook, to further its goal of broadening its reach throughout Jewish Cincinnati and beyond.[30]
Adolph Simon Ochs was an American newspaper publisher and former owner of The New York Times and The Chattanooga Times, which is now the Chattanooga Times Free Press. Through his only child, Iphigene Ochs Sulzberger, and her husband Arthur Hays Sulzberger, Ochs's descendants continue to publish The New York Times through the present day.
The Union for Reform Judaism (URJ), formerly known as the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC) until 2003, founded in 1873 by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, is the congregational arm of Reform Judaism in North America. The other two arms established by Rabbi Wise are the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion and the Central Conference of American Rabbis. The current president of the URJ is Rabbi Rick Jacobs.
The Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion is a Jewish seminary with three locations in the United States and one location in Jerusalem. It is the oldest extant Jewish seminary in the Americas and the main seminary for training rabbis, cantors, educators and communal workers in Reform Judaism. HUC-JIR has campuses in Cincinnati, Ohio, New York City, Los Angeles, and Jerusalem. The Jerusalem campus is the only seminary in Israel for training Reform Jewish clergy.
Isaac Mayer Wise was an American Reform rabbi, editor, and author. At his death he was called "the foremost rabbi in America".
Black Hebrew Israelites are a new religious movement claiming that African Americans are descendants of the ancient Israelites. Some sub-groups believe that Native and Latin Americans are descendants of the Israelites as well. Black Hebrew Israelites combine elements to their teaching from a wide range of sources to varying degrees. Black Hebrew Israelites incorporate certain aspects of the religious beliefs and practices of both Christianity and Judaism, though they have created their own interpretation of the Bible, and other influences include Freemasonry and New Thought, for example. Many choose to identify as Hebrew Israelites or Black Hebrews rather than Jews in order to indicate their claimed historic connections.
The history of the Jews in Cincinnati occupies a prominent place in the development of Jewish secular and religious life in the United States. Cincinnati is not only the oldest Jewish community west of the Allegheny Mountains but has also been an institutional center of American Reform Judaism for more than a century. The Israelite, the oldest American Jewish newspaper still (2019) being published, began publication in Cincinnati in 1854.
The history of Jews in Ohio dates back to 1817, when Joseph Jonas, a pioneer, came from England and made his home in Cincinnati. He drew after him a number of English Jews, who held Orthodox-style divine service for the first time in Ohio in 1819, and, as the community grew, organized themselves in 1824 into the first Jewish congregation of the Ohio Valley, the B'ne Israel. This English immigration was followed in the next two decades by the coming of German immigrants who, in contrast, were mostly Reform Jews. A Bavarian, Simson Thorman, settled in 1837 in Cleveland, then a considerable town, which thus became the second place in the state where Jews settled. Thorman was soon followed by countrymen of his, who in 1839 organized themselves into a congregation called the Israelitish Society. The same decade saw an influx of German Jews into Cincinnati, and these in 1841 founded the Bene Yeshurun congregation. To these two communities the Jewish history of Ohio was confined for the first half of the 19th century. In 1850 Ohio had six congregations: four in Cincinnati and two in Cleveland.
The Isaac M. Wise Temple, commonly called the Wise Temple, is an historic Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue located in Cincinnati, Ohio, in the United States. The congregation's historic Plum Street temple was erected in honour of Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, who was among the founders of Reform Judaism in the United States. The temple building was designed by prominent Cincinnati architect James Keys Wilson and its design was inspired by the Alhambra at Granada.
Michael Levi Rodkinson was a Jewish scholar, an early Hasidic historiographer and an American publisher. Rodkinson is known for being the first to translate the Babylonian Talmud to English. Rodkinson’s literary works cover topics in Hasidic historiography as well as Judaic studies associated with the Haskalah movement.
The Rockdale Temple, formally Kahal Kadosh Bene Israel, is an Ashkenazi Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in Amberley Village, a suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio, in the United States. Founded in 1824, it is the oldest Jewish congregation west of the Allegheny Mountains, the oldest congregation in Ohio, the second oldest Ashkenazi congregation in the United States and one of the oldest synagogues in the United States.
Joseph Krauskopf was a prominent American Jewish rabbi, author, leader of Reform Judaism, founder of the National Farm School, and long-time (1887–1923) rabbi at Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel (KI), the oldest reform synagogue in Philadelphia which under Krauskopf, became the largest reform congregation in the nation.
Capers C. Funnye Jr. is an African-American Conservative rabbi, who leads the 200-member Beth Shalom B'nai Zaken Ethiopian Hebrew Congregation of Chicago, Illinois, assisted by rabbis Avraham Ben Israel and Joshua V. Salter.
David Philipson was an American Reform rabbi, orator, and author.
Bloch Publishing Company is a Jewish publishing company in the United States. Founded by Edward H. Bloch in 1854, it is the oldest Jewish publishing company and one of the oldest family businesses, in the United States.
James Gutheim Heller was an American rabbi and composer.
The so-called "Trefa Banquet" was an elegant and sumptuous dinner held on July 11, 1883, at the Highland House restaurant in Cincinnati, Ohio. Held in honor of the first graduating class of Hebrew Union College and the delegates to the eighth annual meeting of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, it offended a number of guests by featuring non-kosher (treyf) foods. It became symbolic of the growing divide within American Reform Judaism, which would eventually lead to the birth of Conservative Judaism.
Jacob Ezekiel was an American merchant and leader of the Jewish community in antebellum Richmond, Virginia. In Cincinnati after the Civil War, he was for many years Secretary of the Board of Hebrew Union College. He was a charter member of B'nai B'rith, the first national Jewish organization in the United States. According to his son Moses, he was a good writer and a well-read man, "a man of cultivation", who possessed the complete works of Maimonides. He was the father of Moses Jacob Ezekiel (1844–1917), who became America's most famous sculptor.
Leo Wise was a Jewish-American newspaper editor and publisher.
Louis Grossmann was an Austrian-born Jewish-American rabbi and professor.
Charles Edward Bloch was a Jewish-American publisher from New York.
↑ "73 Years of The Jewish Post". Hoosier State Chronicles: Indiana's Digital Newspaper Program. November 9, 2015. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
1 2 Greve, Charles Theodore (1904). Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens, Volume 1. Chicago: Biographical Publishing Company. p.946.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
