The Chemists' Club

Last updated
The Chemists' Club
FormationDecember 12, 1898;125 years ago (1898-12-12)
TypePrivate Club
Legal statusPrivate Social Club
PurposeHotel, Dining, Chemical laboratories, Meeting Space
Location
Region served
New York metropolitan area
Website www.thechemistsclub.org

The Chemists' Club is a private club in New York whose membership is open to research and industrial chemists from all areas. The Chemists' Club filed for incorporation on December 9, 1898. The Club's goal was "to promote the interests of chemists and those interested in the science and applications of chemistry", by providing academics and industrial chemists with space to meet, work, and study. [1] : 4  It provided a place for members of various chemical societies to meet and mingle, including the American Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, [1] : 3  the Verein Deutscher Chemiker  [ de ], [1] : 4  the American Electrochemical Society and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). [1] : 6 

Contents

From 1910 to the 1980s, the Club was located at 52 East 41st Street, New York City. Built by the architects York and Sawyer, the 41st Street building contained areas for talks, meetings, and dinners, living and laboratory spaces that could be rented by members, and a world-class chemical research library. The New York Times called it “absolutely unique in the world”. [2] The board room was a recreation of an alchemist's laboratory. Sold in the 1980s, and now the Dylan Hotel, the building has been proposed as an individual landmark by the New York Landmarks Conservancy. [3]

Formation

Before the club was founded in 1898, members of the American Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry held events and meetings in homes, classrooms, and lecture halls, using whatever space was available. [1] : 3–4  In 1898 Charles F. McKenna, William McMurtrie, Marston T. Bogert and others formed an organizational committee, and raised money to rent an available property at 108 West 55th Street. [4] : 12–13  Committee chairperson Charles F. Chandler, a professor at Columbia University, donated $1000 to the fledgling organization and became its first president. [1] : 3–4  [5] : 409  [6] As of November 29, 1898, the club had 154 charter members, including Leo Baekeland, Edward G. Love, William H. Nichols and Maximilian Toch. [4] : 14–17  The Chemists' Club filed for incorporation on December 9, 1898. [1] : 4  The papers were signed on December 24, 1898 and recorded on December 30, 1898. [4] : 17  [7]

Locations

108 West 55th Street

The club's first physical location was at 108 West 55th Street, previously the home of the Mendelssohn Glee Club. [1] : 6  The space included a large assembly hall, reading rooms, and a small library. [4] : 19  The club could not, however, secure a long-term lease on the property. [4] : 25  The last meeting at the 55th Street location occurred on March 4, 1911. [7] : 20 

52 East 41st Street

Morris Loeb, president, 1909-1910 Morris Loeb Chemists Club President 1909-1910 2003.531.014.tif
Morris Loeb, president, 1909-1910
York and Sawyer front elevation, 1909 Chemists Club Building front elevation 1909 Architect C427.4.tif
York and Sawyer front elevation, 1909
Completed in 1911 Chemists Club Building exterior C427.1.tif
Completed in 1911

Morris Loeb, the club president in 1909, was a professor at New York University and a member of a wealthy New York banking family. He was determined to create a permanent space for the Chemists' Club, and actively campaigned to raise money for the project. When a suitable property was found, Loeb purchased it for $175,000, under his own name. The Chemists Building Company was subsequently formed, and sold shares of stock to help finance the project. These shares were later reclaimed through donation and purchase. [4] : 28–33  Loeb personally donated $75,000 of the eventual $500,000 building fund. [2] Sadly, Loeb died not long after the club building was completed. His death of typhoid fever and pneumonia, on October 8, 1912, was felt to be a great loss. [8] [9]

The Chemists' building at 52 East 41st Street, New York City, New York, United States was built by the architects York and Sawyer, replacing previous numbers 50-54. York and Sawyer filed the plans in January 1910 [2] and completed the work in March 1911. The building opened on March 17, 1911. [1] : 6–7  Several days of events were held to celebrate the opening. A number of scientific papers were presented, ranging from "The characteristics of living matter from the physico-chemical point of view" by Jacques Loeb to "The chemistry of phosphorescence" by Wilder Dwight Bancroft and "The contributions of chemistry to sanitation" by William P. Mason. [7] : 20 

The resulting ten-story building was the home of the club from 1810 to the 1980s. The building was "an artistic structure of white marble, in the style of the French Renaissance of the Louis XVI period, finished with Ionic pilasters and balconies at the second story and similar decorative balconies at the top story.” [2]

The New York Times called the building “absolutely unique in the world”. [2] The first three floors of the club were meeting and social spaces. The main floor included a large auditorium with a balcony. The second floor included a dining room, a billiard room, and other social areas. The third floor housed the library and museum. The fourth and fifth floors were living spaces for members. Above that, five floors were allocated to laboratory space fitted out with scientific apparatus for the use of members. Members could rent living and working space for days, weeks or months, according to their needs. If they wished, they could live at the club while carrying out their research. [2]

The organization was determined to make spaces available for those who would otherwise not have access to the resources they needed:

"for the young man whose income is still small, for the technical man who wants library facilities, for the teacher who is primarily interested in the scientific side of his work, and at the same time in retaining the interest and support of the business man, the executive and sales manager who wants a Club to which he is glad to bring his friends and business acquaintances." [10]

To go with the new building, Loeb and others designed an emblem for the club. It included a hexagonal benzene ring for organic chemistry, crossed retorts for distillation, and a salamander surrounded by fire, in red and gold. [1] : 7  [4] : 57–58 

In 1988 the building was sold [1] : 16  and eventually repurposed as the Dylan Hotel. The redesign has preserved many original features of the building, including the boardroom, which has been restored as the Alchemy Suite. [11] [12] The building has been proposed as an individual landmark by the New York Landmarks Conservancy. [3] [13]

Dylan hotel, 2014 Chemists Club (12702663365).jpg
Dylan hotel, 2014

Penn Club

The Chemists' Club continues to meet as an "inner club" of the Penn Club of New York City. Members of the Chemists' Club are accepted at the Penn Club as members of an affiliate organization. [14]

Life at the Club

Membership

Residents of New York and area could become members of the Chemists' Club for $25 a year. Non-residents who had less opportunity to use the club's resources could join for $5. [1] : 3–4  [5] : 409  In 1909, the club listed around 400 members, more than half of them residents of New York. [5] : 409  By the end of 1911, the year that the 41st Street building opened, membership of the society was over 1000. More than half of the members were non-residents of New York. [5] : 409  By April 1, 1929, the club had filled the quota of 750 resident members established in its bylaws, and created a waiting list for resident members. [7] : 25  The quota for non-resident members was initially 1000, but in later years both quotas were increased, and additional categories of members added. Special provision was made for lower fees for students and recent graduates. [15]

Meetings and events

The club provided meeting space for the local branches of a variety of chemical organizations. The two founding organizations were the American Chemical Society (founded in 1876) and the New York section of the Society of Chemical Industry (founded in 1894). [1] : 3  Members of the New York section of the Verein Deutscher Chemiker (founded in 1900), [1] : 4  the American Electrochemical Society (founded in 1902) and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE, founded in 1908) were also welcomed. [1] : 6 

In addition to a wide variety of regular meetings, dinners, and other local events, the Club acted as a base for international events. In 1904, the Club hosted the first annual meeting of the London-based Society of Chemical Industry to be held outside Great Britain. [7] : 13  On September 2, 1912, the club hosted attendees of the 8th International Congress of Applied Chemistry. [2]

Accommodations

Eighteen rooms were available for rental in the main building at 41st street in 1911. When demand exceeded availability, those seeking accommodation were sent to the Murray Hill Hotel. [5] : 411  A restaurant served the needs of residents and visitors at the Club. [4] : 54  Later remodelling increased the number of available rooms. [7] : 24 

Laboratories

The Club offered furnished laboratory space on a rental basis. An article in Industrial & Engineering Chemistry describes the need for such space:

"A chemist with his laboratory is not welcome as a tenant in modern, high class, centrally located and well equipped buildings, and, as a result, in most of the cities, and particularly in New York, the chemist and his laboratory are crowded into the less desirable sections of the city, and then only in the less desirable buildings." [5] : 408 

Chemists were warned that there was a waiting list for those hoping to rent laboratory space at the Club. [5] : 410 

Library

The Chemists Club library, Emily J. Fell, Evan J. Crane, Austin M. Patterson Chemists Club library Emily J. Fell, Evan J. Crane, Austin M. Patterson 2003.531.084.tif
The Chemists Club library, Emily J. Fell, Evan J. Crane, Austin M. Patterson

A major impetus for forming the Club was the desire to house the library of the American Chemical Society and make the collection available to working chemists. [6] For a time, the library had been located at the University Building, Washington Square, New York. [16] When the University Building was demolished in 1894, [17] the library went into storage. There was a strong desire to find it a new home. [6]

Although the American Chemical Society’s library became a core collection of the Chemists' Club in 1912, [7] : 20  the Chemists' Club's library also received donations from across the United States. Various funds supported the purchase of new materials. The library eventually absorbed a number of private collections including those of Charles F. Chandler, J. Meritt Matthews, [18] John Mallet, Herman Frasch, [19] Morris Loeb and Hugo Schweitzer. [4] : 34  By 1913 the library was considered the largest chemical library in the country, and was opened to the public as well as to members. [2] [4] : 37  In 1914, it reportedly contained over 36,000 volumes and carried 400 journals. [5] : 410  By 1928, it reportedly included 50,000 volumes. [18]

With the sale of the Chemists' Club building, the library was sold off. Portions of the library were donated to the Othmer library of the Chemical Heritage Foundation (now the Science History Institute) in Philadelphia in 1988 and 1997. [1] : 16–17 

Board room

The New York Times wrote of the club:

“One of the special features of the building is the board room, which has been fashioned to represent a laboratory in the days of alchemy” with “vaulted roof, flag-stoned floor, iron-bound chest, high writing desk—even the fireplace with strange black pots and alembics upon it, and, overhead, just outside the door, a winding stone stairway just like those by which the wizards of the black arts used to steal away from prying eyes to juggle with fire and crucibles, transmute base metals to gold, conjure up devils, and otherwise qualify for execution at the hands of the public hangman.” [2]

Another feature of the room was the stuffed alligator hanging from the ceiling, in homage to the alchemists' iconographic salamander, which could live in fire without burning. [20] [21]

Services

Beginning November 15, 1909, a monthly newsletter, The Percolator, informed members of activities and events. [4] : 52  [7] : 19  [18] The club was the initiator of a variety of services. A Chemists employment bureau was established in 1904, and incorporated in 1913. [7] : 13  It remained active until 1944. In response to the Depression, a Committee for the Relief of Unemployed Chemists and Chemical Engineers opened an office at the club in 1932. [1] : 6, 14 

Gender desegregation

For much of its history, in practice and at times by definition, membership in the Chemists' Club was open only to "male persons". [10] : 13  Women were allowed to enter the premises as guests of members. [1] : 14 

However, the club was not entirely unsympathetic to women chemists. In 1921, the Club's Bureau of Employment expressed concern, in its yearly report, that women chemists were being laid off in the wake of World War I.

"Another phase repeatedly brought to our notice is the decrease in willingness to consider the employment of woman chemists. This is unfortunate. Those who have employed them report that they are uniformly satisfactory and in some ways more desirable than men, especially for routine work." [22]

In 1971, the Chemists' Club was opened to women members. The first woman to be accepted as a member of the Chemists' Club was Hazel Bishop. Bishop was an industrial chemist, who had developed Hazel Bishop cosmetics. The second woman to join was E. Janet Berry, a chemist and expert in patent law who became a member of the Club's board of directors. [1] : 12, 14, 16 

Presidents of the Chemists' Club


Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harvey Washington Wiley</span> First US Commissioner of Food and Drugs

Harvey Washington Wiley was an American chemist who advocated successfully for the passage of the landmark Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and subsequently worked at the Good Housekeeping Institute laboratories. He was the first commissioner of the United States Food and Drug Administration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Frankland</span> English chemist

Sir Edward Frankland, was an English chemist. He was one of the originators of organometallic chemistry and introduced the concept of combining power or valence. An expert in water quality and analysis, he was a member of the second royal commission on the pollution of rivers, and studied London's water quality for decades. He also studied luminous flames and the effects of atmospheric pressure on dense ignited gas, and was one of the discoverers of helium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sheffield Scientific School</span> Former school of Yale University

Sheffield Scientific School was founded in 1847 as a school of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut, for instruction in science and engineering. Originally named the Yale Scientific School, it was renamed in 1861 in honor of Joseph E. Sheffield, a railroad executive. The school was incorporated in 1871. The Sheffield Scientific School helped establish the model for the transition of U.S. higher education from a classical model to one which incorporated both the sciences and the liberal arts. Following World War I, however, its curriculum gradually became completely integrated with Yale College. "The Sheff" ceased to function as a separate entity in 1956.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oliver Wolcott Gibbs</span> American chemist (1822–1908)

Oliver Wolcott Gibbs was an American chemist. He is known for performing the first electrogravimetric analyses, namely the reductions of copper and nickel ions to their respective metals.

The Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) is a learned society set up in 1881 "to further the application of chemistry and related sciences for the public benefit".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Noyes Laboratory of Chemistry</span> Chemistry laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

The William Albert Noyes Laboratory of Chemistry, located on the campus of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign at 505 S. Mathews Avenue in Urbana, Illinois, United States, was built in 1902 as the "New Chemical Laboratory", and was designed by Nelson Strong Spencer in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Founded in 1867, the Chemistry Department was the first department of the university to move into its own building in 1878. When the department outgrew that building, department head Arthur W. Palmer convinced the state legislature to build a new lab, with 77,884 square feet of usable space, at a cost of under $100,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Henry Perkin Jr.</span> English organic chemist

William Henry Perkin Jr., FRS FRSE was an English organic chemist who was primarily known for his groundbreaking research work on the degradation of naturally occurring organic compounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Historic Chemical Landmarks</span> American Chemical Society program to recognize significant achievements in chemistry

The National Historic Chemical Landmarks program was launched by the American Chemical Society in 1992 to recognize significant achievements in the history of chemistry and related professions. The program celebrates the centrality of chemistry. The designation of such generative achievements in the history of chemistry demonstrates how chemists have benefited society by fulfilling the ACS vision: Improving people's lives through the transforming power of chemistry. The program occasionally designates International Historic Chemical Landmarks to commemorate "chemists and chemistry from around the world that have had a major impact in the United States".

Carl Shipp "Speed" Marvel was an American chemist who specialized in polymer chemistry. He made important contributions to U.S. synthetic rubber program during World War II, and later worked at developing polybenzimidazoles, temperature-resistant polymers that are used in the aerospace industry, in fire-fighting equipment, and as a replacement for asbestos. He has been described as "one of the world's outstanding organic chemists" and received numerous awards, including the 1956 Priestley Medal and the 1986 National Medal of Science, presented by President Ronald Reagan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles F. Chandler</span> American chemist (1836–1925)

Charles Frederick Chandler was an American chemist, best known for his regulatory work in public health, sanitation, and consumer safety in New York City, as well as his work in chemical education—first at Union College and then, for the majority of his career, at Columbia University, where he taught in the Chemical Department, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and served as the first Dean of Columbia University's School of Mines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edgar Fahs Smith</span> American chemist (1854-1928)

Edgar Fahs Smith was an American scientist who is best known today for his interests in the history of chemistry. He served as provost of the University of Pennsylvania from 1911 to 1920, was deeply involved in the American Chemical Society and other organizations, and was awarded the Priestley Medal in 1926.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Francis Hillebrand</span> American chemist (1853–1925)

William Francis Hillebrand was an American chemist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Science History Institute</span> U.S. library, museum, and archive

The Science History Institute is an institution that preserves and promotes understanding of the history of science. Located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it includes a library, museum, archive, research center and conference center.

Milton C. Whitaker (1870-1963) was a noted American chemist. His areas of speciality were chemical engineering and industrial chemistry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles James (chemist)</span> British-born American chemist (1880–1928)

Charles James was a chemist of British origin working in the United States. He became a professor and head of the chemistry department at the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts in Durham, New Hampshire, US.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Henry Chandler (chemist)</span> American chemist

William Henry Chandler was an American chemist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William McMurtrie</span>

William McMurtrie was an American chemist. His work helped launch the sugar beet industry in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester</span>

The Department of Chemistry at the University of Manchester is one of the largest departments of Chemistry in the United Kingdom, with over 600 undergraduate and more than 200 postgraduate research students.

The Association of Greek Chemists is the chemical society of Greek chemists. The Association of Greek Chemists is a public legal entity that reports to the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Technology.

The Society of Chemical Industry (America Section) or SCI America is an independent learned society inspired by the creation of the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) in London in 1881. Originally known as the New York Section, it was formed in 1894 and officially renamed the America Section in 1919. The main activity of the America Section is the awarding of several prizes in chemistry: the Perkin Medal, the Chemical Industry Medal and the Gordon E. Moore Medal. The America Section also works with the American Chemical Society (ACS) and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) to support underserved and Black scholars in chemistry and chemical engineering.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 The Chemists' club : one hundred years in the chemical community. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. 1998.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Miller, Tom (October 25, 2014). "The 1911 Chemists' Club -- No. 52 E. 41st Street". Daytonian in Manhattan.
  3. 1 2 "Individual Landmark Designation Considered for Midtown East Buildings". New York Landmarks Conservancy. July 19, 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Killeffer, David Herbert (1957). Six decades of the Chemists' Club. New York: The Chemists' Club. p. 11. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dudley, William L. (May 1914). "The Chemists' Club". The Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 6 (5): 407–411. doi:10.1021/ie50065a020 . Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 McMurtrie, William (July 7, 1911). "The Chemists' Club". Science. New Series. 34 (862): 5–7. Bibcode:1911Sci....34....5M. doi:10.1126/science.34.862.5. PMID   17835506 . Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Berolzheimer, D. D. (1948). Fifty years of history, 1898-1948. 50th anniversary, December 9, 1948. New York: The Chemists' Club. pp. 5–8.
  8. ↑ Morris Loeb 1863-1912, memorial volume. New York: priv. print. for the Chemist's Club. 1913.
  9. ↑ Roeber, Eugene Franz; Parmelee, Howard Coon (November 1912). "The Death of Dr. Morris Loeb". Metallurgic and Chemical Engineering. X (11): 715–716. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  10. 1 2 The Chemists' Club 1922-1923. New York: Chemists' Club. 1923. p. 10.
  11. ↑ "POSTINGS: $400 a Night on East 41st Street; The Former Chemists Club Is Being Turned Into a Hotel". The New York Times. January 3, 1999. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  12. ↑ Holusha, John (June 3, 2001). "Commercial Property/Dylan Hotel; A New Boutique Hotel With Medieval Touches". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  13. ↑ "Annual Report 2013" (PDF). New York Landmarks Conservancy. 2013. p. 6. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  14. ↑ "Affiliate Organizations". The Penn Club. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  15. ↑ The Chemists' Club of New York. New York: Chemists' Club. 1981.
  16. ↑ Society, American Chemical (1890). "The Journal of the American Chemical Society appears monthly..." Journal of the American Chemical Society. XII (10). Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  17. ↑ Wolford, Claire (2011-10-05). "The University Building and the Birth of the New York University Community". Researching Greenwich Village History. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  18. 1 2 3 "The Chemists' Club of New York". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 6 (20): 1. October 20, 1928. doi:10.1021/cen-v006n020.p001 (inactive 1 November 2024). Retrieved 21 September 2016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  19. ↑ "The Research Bureau of the Chemists' Club". Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 5 (4): 268–269. April 1913. doi:10.1021/ie50052a002.
  20. ↑ Fox, Irving P. (1915). "Old Shop-signs". The Spatula. 22: 359. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  21. ↑ Weinreich, Spencer J. (20 July 2015). "Thinking with Crocodiles: An Iconic Animal at the Intersection of Early-Modern Religion and Natural Philosophy". Early Science and Medicine. 20 (3): 209–240. doi:10.1163/15733823-00203p01. PMID   26411067.
  22. ↑ "Bureau of Employment of the New York Chemists' Club". Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 13 (6): 563. June 1921. doi:10.1021/ie50138a034.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.